Table 1. Age-adjusted and multivariate models of socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with HIV prevalence in males (N = 3886).
| Factor | Coding | N | HIV+, n (weighted %) | Age-adjusted | Model 1 (D) | Model 2 (B) | Model 3 (D+B) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Age | 15–24 | 1672 | 30 (1.79) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 25–34 | 803 | 59 (7.62) | 3.98 [2.41, 6.6] | <0.001* | 10.39 [3.93, 27.44] | <0.001* | 8.14 [3.01, 22.03] | <0.001* | |||
| 35–44 | 589 | 87 (14.77) | 8.36 [4.76, 14.67] | <0.001* | 25.06 [9.35, 67.12] | <0.001* | 17.22 [6.12, 48.51] | <0.001* | |||
| 45–54 | 398 | 105 (26.38) | 18.88 [10.90, 32.69] | <0.001* | 45.58 [17.03, 121.98] | <0.001* | 34.11 [12.06, 96.44] | <0.001* | |||
| 55–64 | 163 | 31 (19.02) | 10.53 [5.46, 20.30] | <0.001* | 26.29 [9.17, 75.32] | <0.001* | 15.16 [4.85, 47.4] | <0.001* | |||
| 65+ | 261 | 19 (7.28) | 3.03 [1.42, 6.47] | 0.004* | # | # | |||||
| Site type | Subsistence farming | 616 | 47 (8.68) | 1 | |||||||
| Small towns | 864 | 74 (9.85) | 1.16 [0.77, 1.74] | 0.471 | |||||||
| Estates | 1222 | 119 (11.15) | 1.21 [0.84, 1.77] | 0.296 | |||||||
| Roadside settlements | 633 | 46 (8.22) | 1.00 [0.64, 1.56] | 0.996 | |||||||
| Urban | 551 | 45 (9.89) | 1.34 [0.85, 2.11] | 0.208 | |||||||
| Wealth status | Poorest | 379 | 26 (7.98) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2nd poorest | 1872 | 175 (10.62) | 1.48 [0.95, 2.31] | 0.082 | 1.47 [0.94, 2.30] | 0.090 | 1.28 [0.77, 2.13] | 0.345 | |||
| 3rd poorest | 855 | 77 (10.46) | 1.37 [0.84, 2.22] | 0.204 | 1.36 [0.84, 2.21] | 0.210 | 1.36 [0.78, 2.36] | 0.279 | |||
| 4th poorest | 733 | 51 (8.20) | 1.09 [0.66, 1.82] | 0.737 | 1.13 [0.68, 1.90] | 0.638 | 0.93 [0.52, 1.65] | 0.794 | |||
| Least poor | 47 | 2 (5.41) | 0.70 [0.16, 3.09] | 0.640 | 0.75 [0.17, 3.44] | 0.716 | 0.90 [0.19, 4.33] | 0.899 | |||
| Highest education level | None/ primary |
618 | 74 (15.88) | 1 | |||||||
| Secondary/ higher |
3268 | 257 (10.29) | 0.77 [0.56, 1.07] | 0.123 | |||||||
|
Employment sector |
Formal | 1091 | 115 (11.79) | 1 | |||||||
| Informal | 896 | 99 (12.10) | 1.11 [0.83, 1.50] | 0.475 | |||||||
| Student | 827 | 15 (1.81) | 1.06 [0.54, 2.10] | 0.868 | |||||||
| Unemployed | 1072 | 102 (10.67) | 1.22 [0.90, 1.65] | 0.190 | |||||||
| Marital status | Never married | 1652 | 45 (2.98) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Currently married | 2033 | 239 (12.53) | 1.01 (0.64, 1.61] | 0.963 | 0.98 [0.62, 1.55] | 0.943 | 2.57 [1.30, 5.05] | 0.006* | |||
| Divorced/ separated |
137 | 28 (20.95) | 2.00 [1.07, 3.72] | 0.030* | 1.88 [1.00, 3.51] | 0.048* | 1.46 [0.61, 3.46] | 0.391 | |||
| Widowed | 64 | 19 (29.84) | 4.68 [2.13, 10.24] | <0.001* | 4.49 [2.03, 9.95] | <0.001* | 20.96 [5.79, 75.8] | <0.001* | |||
| Church denomination | Christian | 1927 | 139 (8.23) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Spiritualist (including Apostolic) | 984 | 80 (9.60) | 1.16 [0.86, 1.56] | 0.339 | 1.09 [0.80, 1.48] | 0.571 | 1.40 [0.97, 2.02] | 0.069 | |||
| Other | 441 | 40 (10.63) | 1.30 [0.88, 1.92] | 0.183 | 1.26 [0.85, 1.87] | 0.248 | 1.56 [0.97, 2.49] | 0.064 | |||
| None | 534 | 72 (14.96) | 1.71 [1.24, 2.36] | 0.001* | 1.63 [1.17, 2.26] | 0.004* | 1.76 [1.18, 2.63] | 0.006* | |||
| Frequent alcohol use | No | 2538 | 193 (8.91) | 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 1348 | 138 (11.38) | 0.96 [0.76, 1.23] | 0.767 | |||||||
|
Age of sexual debut
|
18+ | 2152 | 245 (12.23) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| ≤17 | 573 | 60 (12.38) | 1.45 [1.05, 2.01] | 0.024* | 1.01 [0.69, 1.50] | 0.06 | 1.02 [0.68, 1.52] | 0.938 | |||
| Number of regular sexual partners (lifetime) | 1 | 1319 | 103 (8.38) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2–4 | 864 | 137 (17.05) | 1.95 [1.47, 2.58] | <0.001* | 1.54 [1.13, 2.10] | 0.006* | 1.44 [1.04, 1.98] | 0.027* | |||
| 5+ | 238 | 49 (22.40) | 3.14 [2.13, 4.64] | <0.001* | 2.15 [1.38, 3.36] | 0.001* | 2.26 [1.45, 3.50] | <0.001* | |||
| Non-regular sexual partners (lifetime) | No | 968 | 78 (8.70) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 1757 | 227 (14.26) | 1.3 [1.38, 2.43] | <0.001* | 1.44 [1.03, 2.01] | 0.031* | 1.42 [1.01, 2.01] | 0.044* | |||
| Multiple sexual partners (last year) | No | 4329 | 544 (12.08) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 134 | 36 (13.35) | 1.41 [0.99, 2.01] | 0.060 | 0.93 [0.62, 1.41] | 0.737 | 1.01 [0.66, 1.54] | 0.050 | |||
|
Multiple sexual partners (last month)
|
No | 966 | 97 (11.19) | 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 1759 | 208 (12.82) | 0.88 [0.67, 1.15] | 0.346 | |||||||
|
Concurrent sex
|
No | 2555 | 283 (12.12) | 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 170 | 22 (14.41) | 1.18 [0.72, 1.97] | 0.497 | |||||||
| Transactional sex | No | 2017 | 205 (11.34) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 460 | 83 (19.43) | 1.72 [1.29, 2.30] | <0.001* | 1.18 [0.84, 1.64] | 0.336 | 1.13 [0.80, 1.61] | 0.495 | |||
|
Condom use throughout last sexual encounter
|
No | 2014 | 159 (8.40) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 711 | 146 (24.76) | 6.92 [5.17, 9.26] | <0.001* | 5.58 [4.10, 7.60] | <0.001* | 7.28 [5.03, 10.53] | <0.001* | |||
|
Medical circumcision
|
No | 3069 | 321 (11.69) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 816 | 10 (1.53) | 0.23 [0.12, 0.44] | <0.001* | 0.34 [0.16, 0.69] | 0.003* | 0.36 [0.17, 0.74] | 0.006* | |||
| STI symptoms | No | 3767 | 316 (8.68) | 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 119 | 15 (9.10) | 1.48 [0.82, 2.65] | 0.192 | |||||||
Univariate, age-adjusted and multivariate models are shown in succession. Model 1 (D) includes all socio-demographic characteristics and model 2 (B) includes all sexual risk behaviours that met the cut-off for significance (p<0.1) in the age-adjusted model. Model 3 (D+B) includes all these behavioural characteristics and the socio-demographic characteristics that maintained model fit. Multiple sexual partners in the last month was unable to be added to Model 2 as it was expected a priori to be collinear with multiple partners last year. # Observations were dropped from these categories due to low numbers of participants testing positive for HIV.