Table 2. Age-adjusted and multivariate models of socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with HIV prevalence in females (N = 5453).
| Factor | Coding | N | HIV+, n (weighted %) | Age-adjusted | Model 1 (D) | Model 2 (B) | Model 3 (D+B) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Age | 15–24 | 2148 | 67 (3.12) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 25–34 | 1080 | 132 (12.22) | 4.41 [3.03, 6.41] | <0.001* | 3.36 [2.28, 4.94] | <0.001* | 3.36 [2.21, 5.11] | <0.001* | |||
| 35–44 | 892 | 198 (22.20) | 9.15 [6.32, 13.3] | <0.001* | 6.56 [4.49, 9.57] | <0.001* | 6.58 [4.34, 9.97] | <0.001* | |||
| 45–54 | 560 | 148 (26.43) | 8.29 [5.54, 12.39] | <0.001* | 8.86 [5.90, 13.3] | <0.001* | 6.23 [3.98, 9.76] | <0.001* | |||
| 55–64 | 341 | 40 (11.73) | 2.22 [1.28, 2.86] | 0.004* | 4.10 [2.50, 6.70] | <0.001* | 2.12 [1.17, 3.85] | 0.014* | |||
| 65+ | 432 | 19 (4.40) | 0.50 [0.25, 1.00] | 0.05 | 1.59 [0.20, 12.62] | 0.659 | 0.38 [0.05, 3.10] | 0.364 | |||
| Site type | Subsistence farming | 858 | 81 (8.68) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Small towns | 1470 | 179 (9.85) | 1.40 [1.04, 1.87] | 0.023* | 1.71 [1.24, 2.37] | 0.001* | 1.57 [1.09, 2.26] | 0.016* | |||
| Estates | 1140 | 143 (11.15) | 1.36 [1.01, 1.85] | 0.041* | 1.59 [1.13, 2.24] | 0.008* | 1.27 [0.87, 1.87] | 0.216 | |||
| Roadside settlements | 1023 | 108 (8.22) | 1.20 [0.88, 1.64] | 0.253 | 1.30 [0.93, 1.80] | 0.121 | 1.30 [0.90, 1.88] | 0.157 | |||
| Urban | 962 | 93 (9.89) | 1.26 [0.91, 1.75] | 0.166 | 1.77 [1.20, 2.62] | 0.004* | 1.50 [0.96, 2.35] | 0.071 | |||
| Wealth status | Poorest | 544 | 68 (13.43) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2nd poorest | 2347 | 289 (13.55) | 0.96 [0.71, 1.29] | 0.767 | 0.88 [0.64, 1.21] | 0.429 | 0.90 [0.63, 1.30] | 0.591 | |||
| 3rd poorest | 1247 | 133 (11.99) | 0.82 [0.59, 1.13] | 0.226 | 0.71 [0.49, 1.03] | 0.068 | 0.75 [0.49, 1.14] | 0.181 | |||
| 4th poorest | 1231 | 108 (9.83) | 0.65 [0.46, 0.92] | 0.014* | 0.56 [0.37, 0.84] | 0.005* | 0.65 [0.40, 1.03] | 0.069 | |||
| Least poor | 81 | 6 (8.53) | 0.54 [0.22, 1.33] | 0.183 | 0.49 [0.19, 1.24] | 0.132 | 0.80 [0.27, 2.35] | 0.682 | |||
| Highest education level | None/ primary |
1472 | 198 (14.05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Secondary/ higher |
3981 | 406 (11.54) | 0.75 [0.60, 0.94] | 0.011* | 0.92 [0.72, 1.17] | 0.485 | 0.95 [0.73, 1.25] | 0.732 | |||
| Employment sector | Unemployed | 3040 | 357 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Formal | 513 | 84 | 0.93 [0.71, 1.21] | 0.586 | 0.82 [0.61, 1.10] | 0.180 | 0.72 [0.51, 1.02] | 0.067 | |||
| Informal | 1107 | 143 | 0.86 [0.69, 1.07] | 0.185 | 0.81 [0.65, 1.02] | 0.069 | 0.77 [0.60, 1.00] | 0.051 | |||
| Student | 793 | 20 | 0.63 [0.37, 1.06] | 0.080 | 0.54 [0.30, 0.97] | 0.040* | 0.69 [0.22, 2.27] | 0.546 | |||
| Marital status | Never married | 1297 | 66 (6.16) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Currently married | 3100 | 295 (10.24) | 0.61 [0.43, 0.87] | 0.007* | 0.53 [0.37, 0.77] | 0.001* | 0.80 [0.49, 1.30] | 0.362 | |||
| Divorced/ separated |
479 | 103 (22.47) | 1.58 [1.05, 2.39] | 0.028* | 1.29 [0.85, 1.95] | 0.234 | 0.92 [0.55, 1.56] | 0.771 | |||
| Widowed | 577 | 140 (24.33) | 3.08 [1.97, 4.82] | <0.001* | 2.60 [1.67, 4.05] | <0.001* | 4.13 [2.32, 7.37] | <0.001* | |||
| Church denomination | Christian | 3035 | 314 (11.44) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Spiritualist (including Apostolic) | 1594 | 182 (12.87) | 1.07 [0.87, 1.31] | 0.522 | 0.97 [0.78, 1.21] | 0.799 | 0.89 [0.70, 1.14] | 0.353 | |||
| Other | 668 | 82 (13.81) | 1.05 [0.80, 1.39] | 0.705 | 0.99 [0.74, 1.33] | 0.972 | 0.84 [0.60, 1.18] | 0.306 | |||
| None | 156 | 26 (18.48) | 2.02 [1.25, 3.28] | 0.004* | 1.50 [0.91, 2.46] | 0.112 | 1.07 [0.59, 1.91] | 0.833 | |||
| Frequent alcohol use | No | 5302 | 573 (12.00) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 149 | 31 (22.14) | 2.40 [1.52, 3.79] | <0.001* | 1.97 [1.25, 3.12] | 0.004* | 1.20 [0.68, 2.15] | 0.528 | |||
| Age of sexual debut | 18+ | 3022 | 369 (12.85) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| <18 | 1444 | 212 (16.27) | 1.68 [1.39, 2.04] | <0.001* | 1.43 [1.15, 1.77] | 0.001* | 1.39 [1.10, 1.76] | 0.005* | |||
| Number of regular sexual partners (lifetime) | 1 | 3156 | 232 (7.85) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2–4 | 1093 | 316 (30.03) | 4.26 [3.52, 5.17] | <0.001* | 3.11 [2.51, 3.85] | <0.001* | 3.07 [2.45, 3.85] | <0.001* | |||
| 5+ | 81 | 24 (31.42) | 4.60 [2.70, 7.83] | <0.001* | 2.26 [1.18, 4.34] | 0.015* | 2.26 [1.11, 4.61] | 0.024* | |||
| Non-regular sexual partners (lifetime) | No | 3422 | 391 (12.16) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 1043 | 190 (19.80) | 1.80 [1.48, 2.21] | <0.001* | 1.16 [0.91, 1.48] | 0.228 | 1.09 [0.84, 1.41] | 0.537 | |||
|
Multiple sexual partners (last year)
|
No | 4329 | 544 (13.45) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 134 | 36 (29.24) | 3.61 [2.31, 5.68] | <0.001* | 1.11 [0.60, 2.07] | 0.730 | 0.97 [0.50, 1.88] | 0.927 | |||
| Multiple sexual partners (last month) | No | 2143 | 318 (15.76) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2322 | 263 (12.15) | 0.65 [0.54, 0.78] | <0.001* | |||||||
| Concurrent sex | No | 4415 | 565 (13.70) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 50 | 16 (33.08) | 3.46 [1.71, 7.02] | 0.001* | 1.30 [0.52, 2.38] | 0.575 | 1.35 [0.51, 3.61] | 0.549 | |||
| Transactional sex | No | 3700 | 468 (13.66) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 365 | 95 (27.96) | 2.55 [1.95, 3.34] | <0.001* | 0.91 [0.65, 1.29] | 0.607 | 0.80 [0.55, 1.17] | 0.248 | |||
| Condom use throughout last sexual encounter | No | 3795 | 330 (9.28) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 670 | 251 (39.99) | 5.96 [4.85, 7.32] | <0.001* | 4.34 [3.43, 5.47] | <0.001* | 4.70 [3.62, 6.10] | <0.001* | |||
| STI symptoms | No | 5077 | 529 (10.66) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 376 | 75 (18.02) | 2.02 [1.52, 2.70] | <0.001* | 1.67 [1.20, 2.32] | 0.002* | 1.87 [1.33, 2.64] | <0.001* | |||
Univariate, age-adjusted and multivariate models are shown in succession. Model 1 (D) includes all socio-demographic characteristics and model 2 (B) includes all sexual risk behaviours that met the cut-off for significance (p<0.1) in the age-adjusted model. Model 3 (D+B) includes all these behavioural characteristics and the socio-demographic characteristics that maintained model fit. Multiple sexual partners in the last month was unable to be added to Model 2 as it was expected a priori to be collinear with multiple partners last year.