Table 4.
Studies estimating prevalence of F. tularensis in European arthropods 1992–2012
| Arthropod species | Country | Method | Prevalence* (%/no. investigated) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tick | ||||
| Dermacentor reticularis | Austria | Culture | 2·3 /1098 | [55] |
| Ixodes ricinus | France | PCR† | 1·0/551 | [59] |
| Germany | PCR | 1·4/636 | [152] | |
| Germany | PCR | 0/1000 | [153] | |
| Hungary | PCR† | 0/1800 | [154] | |
| Luxembourg | PCR | 0/1394 | [155] | |
| Serbia | PCR | 3·8/287 | [156] | |
| Switzerland | PCR† | 1·2/6071 | [19] | |
| Dermacentor reticularis, Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis concinna | Czech Republic | Culture† | 16·5/1987 | [54] |
| Slovakia | IWM | 0·8/4542 | [53] | |
| Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis concinna | Hungary | PCR | 0·1/2014 | [40] |
| Dermacentor marginatus, Dermacentor reticulate; Ixodes ricinus, Hyalammoa marginatu, Rhipicephephalus sanguineus | Portugal | PCR | 0·9/110 | [157] |
| Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes ricinus, Hyalammoa marginatum, Rhipicephephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephephalus pusillus, Rhipicephephalus bursa, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Haemaphysalis hispanica | Spain | PCR | 0·5/1480 | [57] |
| Mosquito | ||||
| Aedes spp. | Czech Republic | PCR† | 0/8449 | [54] |
| Aedes communis, Aedes intrudens, Aedes punctor, Aedes cinereus, Aedes sticticus, Aedes vexans, Culiseta alaskaenis, Culiseta annulata, Culex pipens, Culex torrentium | Sweden | PCR† | 8·3/334 | [61] |
| Flea | ||||
| Ctenophtalmus assimilis, Nosopsyllus fasiatus | Hungary | PCR | 0/25 | [40] |
IWM, Inoculation on white mice; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
*
All studies are of active surveillance type.
†
Samples pooled from several individuals.
Most of the studies only diagnose F. tularensis to species, some also to subspecies holarctica. This is not detailed in the table.