Table 4.
Predictors of physical capacity of HIV patients at initiation of antiretroviral treatment
| HR economy, m/beat (n = 243) | SHR, beats/min (n = 243) | Grip strength, kg (n = 343) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| HIV status and anaemia | |||
| CD4, cells/μl | |||
| >200 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 100–200 | −0·2 (−0·4 to 0·04) | 1·4 (−1·3 to 4·1) | 0·1 (−1·1 to 1·4) |
| <100 | −0·2 (−0·4 to 0·1) | 5·1 (1·9 to 8·4) | −0·7 (−2·2 to 0·7) |
| Viral load, log(1+copies/ml) | −0·1 (−0·2 to 0·02) | 2·3 (1·0 to 3·6) | −1·0 (−1·5 to −0·4) |
| WHO clinical stage | |||
| Stage I | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Stage II | −0·1 (−0·3 to 0·2) | −0·8 (−3·9 to 2·3) | −1·7 (−5·0 to 1·5)* |
| Stage III | −0·1 (−0·3 to 0·1) | 5·0 (2·0 to 8·0) | −6·8 (−10·0 to −3·6)* |
| Stage IV | 0·1 (−0·3 to 0·4) | 5·7 (1·1 to 10·4) | −9·0 (−13·7 to −4·4)* |
| Tuberculosis or other OI/illness | |||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Tuberculosis | 0·01 (−0·3 to 0·3) | 7·4 (3·1 to 11·7) | −2·2 (−4·1 to −0·4) |
| Other OI/illness | −0·01 (−0·3 to 0·3) | −1·5 (−5·8 to 2·9) | −0·1 (−1·9 to 1·8) |
| Anaemia | |||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Grade 1 | −0·1 (−0·3 to 0·1) | 2·9 (0·3 to 5·4) | −1·1 (−2·3 to 0·1) |
| Grade 2 | −0·4 (−0·7 to −0·2) | 8·0 (4·6 to 11·4) | −3·6 (−5·1 to −2·0) |
| Nutritional status, food security and energy intake | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||
| >18·5 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 16–18·5 | 0·1 (−0·1 to 0·2) | 3·2 (0·6 to 5·7) | −2·9 (−4·0 to −1·8) |
| <16 | −0·1 (−0·5 to 0·2) | 4·9 (0·3 to 9·5) | −6·8 (−8·7 to −5·0) |
| MUAC, cm | |||
| ⩾21 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <21 | −0·1 (−0·4 to 0·1) | 5·6 (2·6 to 8·6) | −4·7 (−6·0 to −3·4) |
| CAMA | |||
| ⩾25th percentile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| <25th percentile | −0·2 (−0·4 to 0·05) | 3·1 (0·3 to 6·0) | −5·1 (−6·3 to 3·9) |
| Household food security | |||
| Secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Mildly insecure | −0·1 (−0·4 to 0·3) | −1·9 (−6·2 to 2·5) | 2·1 (0·1 to 4·1) |
| Moderately insecure | −0·1 (−0·4 to 0·1) | −1·2 (−5·1 to 2·7) | 1·1 (−0·7 to 3·0) |
| Severely insecure | −0·1 (−0·3 to 0·2) | −1·6 (−5·4 to 2·2) | 0·2 (−1·6 to 2·1) |
| Energy intake, MJ/day | 0·02 (−0·01 to 0·1) | −0·1 (−0·6 to 0·4) | 0·3 (0·1 to 0·5)† |
HR, Heart rate; SHR, sleeping heart rate; CI, confidence interval; OI, opportunistic infection, BMI, body mass index, MUAC, middle upper arm circumference, CAMA, corrected arm muscle area. Predictors are assessed in individual models adjusted for sex, age and education. Anaemia grade 1 was defined as haemoglobin (g/l) 105–125 (women) and 117–135 (men). Anaemia grade 2 was defined as haemoglobin (g/l) <105 (women) and <117 (men).
*
Estimates refer to men only (cf. Results section for further details).
†
Adjusted for weight.