. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Addict. 2022 Mar 27;31(3):210–218. doi: 10.1111/ajad.13265

TABLE 2.

Univariate and adjusted logistic regression: birthing parent characteristics and CS outcome, without (Model 1) and with (Model 2) prenatal care

	Univariate Crude OR (95% CI)	Model 1: aOR (95% CI)	Model 2: aOR (95% CI)
Age group	Not significant	-	-
Race/ethnicity^a	Not significant	-	-
Region^b
North/Sac	Ref	Ref	Ref
Bay Area	1.2 (0.5–2.7)	1.6 (0.7–3.7)	1.8 (0.7–4.7)
Central	2.0 (1.1–3.6)	2.4 (1.3–4.4)	2.1 (1.1–4.2)
South	1.7 (0.9–3.2)	2.3 (1.2–4.5)	2.1 (0.99–4.3)
Ever diagnosed STD^c	Not significant	-	-
Meth use⁵
Yes	2.3 (1.7–3.2)	2.1 (1.4–3.1)	1.5 (0.96–2.4)
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Incarceration^d	Not significant	-	-
Homelessness
Yes	2.7 (1.8–4.1)	2.5 (1.6–4.0)	1.7 (0.99–2.9)
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
IDU^d	Not significant	-	-
Partner meth^d		-
Yes	1.6 (1.1–2.2)	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	0.7 (0.4–1.2)
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Partner incarcerated^d	Not significant	-	-
Stage
Early	2.2 (1.6–3.0)	2.2 (1.6–3.1)	2.6 (1.8–3.7)
Late	Ref	Ref	Ref
Gest. age first PNC
At or before 20 weeks	Ref	-	Ref
After 20 weeks	2.9 (2.0–4.2)	-	2.9 (1.9–4.2)
None	18.5 (10.6–32.3)	-	16.7 (9.2–30.3)

Note: In univariate analyses, the following were significantly associated with delivering an infant with CS: having received no or late prenatal care; homelessness; methamphetamine use; living in the Central region; early stage; and partner methamphetamine use. In the final Model 2, having received late or no prenatal care; early stage of syphilis; living in the Central region remained associated with CS. However, birthing parents experiencing homelessness or methamphetamine use were not more likely to have infants with CS compared with birthing parents without these characteristics. Bold values are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CS, congenital syphilis; STD, sexually transmitted diseases.

Race/ethnicity missing for 25 females.

San Francisco and Los Angeles local health jurisdictions are excluded.

Ever diagnosed with an STD includes diagnosis with chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis.

Timing is within the last 12 months.