Table 2.
Odds ratios for persistent infection of high risk-human papillomavirus (HPV)
| Alcohol-related characteristics | Subjects at enrolment n (%) | Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enrolment HPV | 1-year follow-up | 2-year follow-up | ||
| Infection* | Persistence† | Persistence† | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Non-drinker | 4652 (50·4) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Drinker (former) | 390 (4·2) | 0·96 (0·68–1·35)‡ | 1·23 (0·55–2·74) | 0·37 (0·05–2·96) |
| Drinker (current) | 4188 (45·4) | 1·21 (1·07–1·41) | 1·56 (1·09–2·24) | 2·49 (1·32–4·71) |
| Frequency of alcohol consumption | ||||
| Non-drinker | 4652 (65·8) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Once/month | 758 (10·7) | 0·85 (0·60–1·21) | 1·40 (0·60–3·23) | 0·62 (0·08–5·17) |
| 2–4 times/month | 806 (11·4) | 1·28 (1·04–1·56) | 1·64 (0·90–3·02) | 2·00 (0·73–5·42) |
| ~2 times/week | 855 (12·1) | 1·31 (1·04–1·64) | 1·80 (1·01–3·36) | 1·83 (0·58–5·85) |
| P value | 0·049§ | 0·603 | 0·669 | |
| Duration of alcohol habit | ||||
| <5 years | 4870 (62·4) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| ⩾5 years | 2931 (37·6) | 1·20 (1·01–1·36) | 1·77 (1·19–2·62) | 2·33 (1·17–4·63) |
| Usual amount of beer (200 ml)¶ | ||||
| Non-drinker | 4652 (60·7) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| ~1 glass | 994 (13·0) | 1·11 (0·89–1·37) | 1·41 (0·80–2·49) | 1·31 (0·46–3·72) |
| 2 glasses | 1136 (14·8) | 1·17 (0·96–1·43) | 1·21 (0·71–2·08) | 1·12 (0·40–3·13) |
| ~3 glasses | 878 (11·5) | 1·22 (0·98–1·52) | 1·36 (0·75–2·46) | 3·62 (1·35–9·75) |
| P value | <0·001 | 0·071 | 0·025 | |
| Usual amount of soju (50 ml)|| | ||||
| Non drinker | 4652 (65·3) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| ~1 glass | 877 (12·3) | 1·08 (0·61–1·37) | 0·89 (0·31–2·59) | 2·16 (0·53–8·83) |
| 2 glasses | 897 (12·6) | 1·27 (0·96–1·68) | 1·68 (0·86–3·27) | 2·87 (0·95–8·69) |
| ~3 glasses | 703 (9·9) | 1·24 (1·03–1·68) | 1·11 (0·68–1·81) | 0·58 (0·19–1·75) |
| P value | 0·006 | 0·075 | 0·786 | |
The subject number for each characteristic is based on the available data rather than all 9230 subjects who answered the indicated questions.
Enrolment prevalence indicates the HR-HPV infection at the time of enrolment (vs. HR-HPV negativity at enrolment).
1-year and 2-year HR-HPV persistence were defined as HPV positivity in the 1-year follow-up study year and as HPV positivity in both the 1- and 2-year follow-up study years, respectively, after enrolment with HR-HPV positivity (vs. 1- and 2-year HR-HPV negatives defined as HR-HPV negativity for 1 and 2 consecutive years, respectively, after enrolment with HR-HPV negativity).
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age, BMI, marital status, number of children, menopausal status, oral contraceptive use, education level, income level, and smoking status as categorical variables).
The P value is for the linear trend of multivariate odds ratios (adjusted for age, BMI, marital status, number of children, menopausal status, oral contraceptive use, education level, income level, and smoking status as categorical variables).
Usual amount is defined as the amount of beer or soju (in glasses) normally consumed per occasion.
Soju is a popular alcoholic beverage in Korea with a pure alcohol content (%) about 4–5 times greater than that of beer.