Table 2.
Association between socioeconomic indicators, exposure to cows and height-for-age z score
| N | HAZ mean (s.d.) | Difference* | 95% CI | Adjusted difference* | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 824 | −1·41 (1·19) | – | – | – | – |
| By socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Population density (residents of all ages within 50 m radius) | ||||||
| 0–100 | 249 | −1·55 (1·20) | (ref.) | – | (ref.) | – |
| 101–200 | 280 | −1·28 (1·16) | 0·25 | 0·03 to 0·46 | 0·14 | −0·06 to 0·34 |
| >200 | 241 | −1·43 (1·22) | 0·11 | −0·12 to 0·33 | 0·02 | −0·20 to 0·24 |
| Change in HAZ per additional 100 residents within 50 m | 770 | −1·41 (1·19) | 0·01 | −0·07 to 0·08 | −0·01 | −0·09 to 0·07 |
| Change in HAZ per additional household member | 770 | −1·41 (1·19) | 0·02 | −0·01 to 0·04 | 0·0 | −0·02 to 0·03 |
| Scheduled caste/tribe | ||||||
| No | 654 | −1·19 (1·16) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 170 | −1·89 (1·20) | −0·58 | −0·79 to −0·37 | −0·33 | −0·55 to −0·11 |
| Head of HH completed primary school | ||||||
| No | 444 | −1·58 (1·16) | (ref.) | |||
| Yes | 380 | −1·22 (1·20) | 0·33 | 0·15 to 0·50 | 0·14 | −0·03 to 0·31 |
| Mother/carer of child completed primary school | ||||||
| No | 217 | −1·87 (1·17) | (ref.) | |||
| Yes | 607 | −1·25 (1·16) | 0·62 | 0·43 to 0·81 | 0·30 | 0·09 to 0·50 |
| House structure | ||||||
| Pucca (concrete/ cement) | 364 | −1·18 (1·16) | (ref.) | |||
| Semi-pucca | 155 | −1·37 (1·08) | −0·20 | −0·43 to 0·03 | −0·05 | −0·28 to 0·18 |
| Mud | 305 | −1·72 (1·23) | −0·54 | −0·73 to −0·35 | −0·19 | −0·40 to 0·02 |
| Land ownership | ||||||
| Irrigated | 486 | −1·26 (1·17) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| Not irrigated | 150 | −1·45 (1·25) | −0·15 | −0·4 to 0·1 | −0·04 | −0·26 to 0·18 |
| None | 188 | −1·77 (1·14) | −0·50 | −0·7 to −0·3 | −0·12 | −0·34 to 0·10 |
| Water source in compound | ||||||
| No | 591 | −1·53 (1·17) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 233 | −1·10 (1·19) | 0·41 | 0·23 to 0·60 | 0·13 | −0·06 to 0·33 |
| Owns latrine | ||||||
| No | 742 | −1·47 (1·18) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 82 | −0·92 (1·22) | 0·52 | 0·25 to 0·82 | 0·07† | −0·24 to 0·37 |
| Exposure to cows | ||||||
| Cowshed ownership | ||||||
| None | 212 | −1·52 (1·24) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| Outside compound | 155 | −1·32 (1·22) | 0·17 | −0·09 to 0·43 | 0·00 | −0·25 to 0·25 |
| In compound | 398 | −1·39 (1·16) | 0·10 | −0·11 to 0·31 | 0·03 | −0·17 to 0·23 |
| Number of cows owned | ||||||
| 0 | 322 | −1·49 (1·12) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| 1–2 | 336 | −1·40 (1·26) | 0·11 | −0·16 to 0·32 | −0·02 | −0·21 to 0·17 |
| ⩾3 | 166 | −1·29 (1·18) | 0·19 | −0·06 to 0·37 | −0·03 | −0·26 to 0·21 |
| Number of cowsheds within 50 m of house | ||||||
| <10 | 212 | −1·53 (1·22) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| 10–19 | 223 | −1·43 (1·21) | 0·08 | −0·16 to 0·32 | −0·05 | −0·28 to 0·20 |
| ⩾20 | 335 | −1·33 (1·17) | 0·16 | −0·06 to 0·37 | −0·01 | −0·23 to 0·20 |
| Dung used as main fuel for cooking | ||||||
| No | 656 | −1·48 (1·18) | (ref.) | (ref.) | ||
| yes | 168 | −1·16 (1·20) | 0·31 | 0·10 to 0·52 | 0·20 | 0·00 to 0·41 |
HAZ, Height-for-age z score; HH, household; CI, confidence interval.
*
Linear regression with random effect to adjust for multiple observations within households.
†
House structure omitted from model due to collinearity.