Table 1.
Social impact and economic costs in HFMD outpatients and inpatients with/without complications in 2011
| Variables | Outpatients (N = 96) mean (range)/per case | Uncomplicated inpatients (N = 85) mean (range)/per case | Severe inpatients (N = 88) mean (range)/per case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social impact | |||
| Frequency of hospital visits/days of hospitalization | 1·8 (1–5)/0 | 2·3 (1–7)/2·8 (0·5–9) | 2·4/(1–5)/4·6 (2–14) |
| Lost work days for parents | 2·6 (0·5–15) | 6·5 (1–16) | 15·5 (4–82) |
| Direct costs (US$) | |||
| Clinic visits | 51·5 (11·5–216·8) | 55·1 (0–185·8) | 63·4 (0–278·7) |
| Hospitalization | 0 | 491·8 (247·7–2167·6) | 1453·3 (387·1–8901·4) |
| Follow-up visits | 5·3 (0·00–61·9) | 3·4 (0–46·4) | 7·9 (0–199·7) |
| Total direct costs (US$) | 56·7 (12·5–278·7) | 550·3 (252·4–2263·6) | 1524·6 (415·2–8947·8) |
| Indirect costs (US$) | |||
| Transportation | 19·2 (0–154·8) | 65·2 (0–510·9) | 122·2 (0–577·5) |
| Additional food supplements and non-prescription remedy for child | 11·7 (0–99·1) | 61·1 (0–1114·8) | 64·1 (0–990·9) |
| Additional food and lodging expenses for parents or caregivers | 8·9 (1·1–232·4) | 35·3 (0–247·7) | 89·5 (0–666·1) |
| Additional expenses for non-family caregivers | 5·4 (0–154·8) | 2·9 (0–61·9) | 23·5 (0–557·4) |
| Lost earnings by parental lost work days | 58·0 (0–334·5) | 145·0 (22·3–356·8) | 345·7 (89·2–1828·6) |
| Total indirect costs (US$) | 108·6 (1·08–387·2) | 309·5 (4·6–1345·5) | 645·0 (4·6–1574·9) |
| Total economic costs (US$) | 165·3 (36·0–626·3) | 859·8 (288·7–2494·1) | 2169·6 (737·7–10450·0) |
| Insurance reimbursement (US$) | |||
| Total costs covered by health insurance | 2·7 (0–44·9) | 70·3 (0–492·3) | 119·2 (0–1265·6) |
| Total costs paid by family out-of-pocket expenses | 162·6 (31·0–610·9) | 789·5 (288·7–2494·1) | 2050·4 (737·7–10450·0) |
| Proportion of reimbursement | 1·6% (0–32·2%) | 8·2% (0–40·9%) | 5·5% (0–56·4%) |