Table 2.
Association between influenza vaccination in the past year and socio-demographic and health-related characteristics in a representative sample of older community-dwelling adults aged ⩾50 years, Singapore, 2013
| Univariable model | Multivariable model* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % vaccinated | cOR | (95% CI) | P value | aOR | (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age group (years) | 0·069 | 0·036 | |||||
| 50–64 | 14·6 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| ⩾65 | 17·0 | 1·20 | (0·99–1·46) | 1·30 | (1·02–1·67) | ||
| Gender | 0·032 | ||||||
| Male | 13·9 | 1·00 | Referent | ||||
| Female | 16·5 | 1·22 | (1·02–1·46) | ||||
| Ethnic group | <0·0005 | 0·001 | |||||
| Chinese | 14·7 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Malay | 14·5 | 0·98 | (0·73–1·32) | 0·907 | 1·00 | (0·73–1·35) | 0·974 |
| Indian | 18·6 | 1·34 | (0·96–1·88) | 0·091 | 1·30 | (0·91–1·85) | 0·146 |
| Other | 34·4 | 3·04 | (1·80–5·13) | <0·0005 | 2·85 | (1·65–4·91) | <0·0005 |
| Marital status | 0·043 | 0·004 | |||||
| Never married | 19·7 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Married | 14·5 | 0·69 | (0·50–0·95) | 0·022 | 0·61 | (0·44–0·86) | 0·005 |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 16·6 | 0·81 | (0·56–1·17) | 0·260 | 0·84 | (0·56–1·25) | 0·394 |
| Educational level | 0·118 | ||||||
| No formal/primary/PSLE | 16·9 | 1·00 | Referent | ||||
| Secondary/O-level | 14·2 | 0·82 | (0·67–1·00) | 0·054 | |||
| A-level/diploma/degree | 14·4 | 0·84 | (0·66–1·06) | 0·142 | |||
| Monthly household income (S$) | 0·305 | 0·011 | |||||
| <2000 | 15·3 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| 2000–<4000 | 13·5 | 0·86 | (0·64–1·16) | 0·329 | 0·99 | (0·72–1·35) | 0·928 |
| 4000–< 6000 | 14·2 | 0·92 | (0·67–1·28) | 0·634 | 1·10 | (0·78–1·57) | 0·588 |
| ⩾6000 | 17·4 | 1·17 | (0·89–1·54) | 0·266 | 1·59 | (1·17–2·17) | 0·003 |
| Refused/don't know | 15·1 | 0·99 | (0·76–1·29) | 0·930 | 1·09 | (0·83–1·44) | 0·536 |
| Work status | 0·012 | 0·002 | |||||
| Economically inactive | 16·7 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Economically active | 13·7 | 0·79 | (0·66–0·95) | 0·72 | (0·59–0·89) | ||
| Body mass index | 0·207 | ||||||
| <18·5 (underweight) | 11·6 | 1·00 | Referent | ||||
| 18·5 to <25 (normal weight) | 16·1 | 1·48 | (0·97–2·26) | 0·072 | |||
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | 14·2 | 1·28 | (0·82–1·99) | 0·284 | |||
| ⩾30 (obese) | 15·2 | 1·38 | (0·81–2·34) | 0·235 | |||
| Current smoking | 0·967 | ||||||
| No | 15·3 | 1·00 | Referent | ||||
| Yes | 15·1 | 0·99 | (0·75–1·32) | ||||
| Current drinking | 0·667 | ||||||
| No | 15·1 | 1·00 | Referent | ||||
| Yes | 15·8 | 1·05 | (0·84–1·30) | ||||
| Sufficient total physical activity | <0·0005 | <0·0005 | |||||
| No | 7·3 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Yes | 19·0 | 2·95 | (2·32–3·75) | 3·04 | (2·38–3·90) | ||
| Self-rated health | <0·0005 | <0·0005 | |||||
| Good or very good | 17·0 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Moderate | 13·7 | 0·78 | (0·64–0·95) | 0·011 | 0·68 | (0·55–0·83) | <0·0005 |
| Bad or very bad | 3·7 | 0·19 | (0·09–0·44) | <0·0005 | 0·17 | (0·07–0·40) | <0·0005 |
| Presence of self-reported medical conditions at risk of influenza complications | 0·182 | 0·002 | |||||
| No | 14·5 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Yes | 15·8 | 1·15 | (0·94–1·42) | 1·43 | (1·14–1·80) | ||
| Regular family doctor/GP | 0·022 | 0·012 | |||||
| No | 16·9 | 1·00 | Referent | 1·00 | Referent | ||
| Yes | 14·1 | 1·24 | (1·03–1·48) | 1·28 | (1·06–1·55) | ||
cOR, Crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PSLE; GP, general practitioner.
*
Adjusted for age group, ethnic group, marital status, monthly household income, work status, total physical activity, self-rated health, whether there were any self-reported medical conditions at risk of influenza-related complications and whether there was a regular doctor/GP.