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. 2022 Sep 16;2022:2830545. doi: 10.1155/2022/2830545

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Cellular metabolic pathways and responses to intermittent fasting showing downstream cascade effects of fasting and resulting beneficial outcomes {NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); transcription factors FOXOs (forkhead box Os), PGC-1α (proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α), and NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2); kinases AMPK (AMP kinase) and cAMP cyclic AMP; and deacetylases sirtuins (SIRTs); mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)}.