Table 4.
Behavioral symptoms changes.
| HBOT | Control | P-value baseline | Net effect size* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Change | Three months P-value | Pre | Post | Change | Three months P-value | |||
| N | 13 | 7 | ||||||||
| Conners 3 | ||||||||||
| Inattention score | 70.5 ± 15.5 | 66.0 ± 13.7 | −4.5 ± 13.8 | 0.2666 | 71.0 ± 13.6 | 68.1 ± 11.6 | −2.9 ± 5.9 | 0.2474 | 0.9424 | −0.136 |
| Hyperactivity score | 66.2 ± 16.9 | 59.5 ± 12.2 | −6.6 ± 9.8 | 0.0319 | 66.9 ± 18.6 | 62.6 ± 14.8 | −4.3 ± 8.9 | 0.2498 | 0.9361 | −0.244 |
| Learning problems score | 62.7 ± 12.3 | 57.0 ± 9.1 | −5.7 ± 9.2 | 0.0446 | 71.4 ± 15.6 | 71.0 ± 12.5 | −0.4 ± 8.4 | 0.8976 | 0.2080 | −0.59 |
| Executive score | 64.3 ± 13.8 | 53.1 ± 8.1 | −11.2 ± 11.6 | 0.0044 | 68.6 ± 16.5 | 59.3 ± 11.7 | −9.3 ± 14.8 | 0.1479 | 0.5675 | −0.153 |
| Aggression score | 63.7 ± 19.1 | 55.2 ± 14.5 | −8.5 ± 14.7 | 0.0577 | 62.4 ± 13.8 | 61.7 ± 17.3 | −0.7 ± 9.4 | 0.8478 | 0.8848 | −0.595 |
| Peer relations score | 67.1 ± 18.4 | 65.2 ± 17.2 | −1.9 ± 9.9 | 0.4954 | 68.6 ± 17.2 | 61.9 ± 18.2 | −6.7 ± 9.1 | 0.0973 | 0.8681 | 0.499 |
| BRIEF | ||||||||||
| Inhibit | 60.2 ± 13.0 | 51.8 ± 10.2 | −8.4 ± 8.9 | 0.0052 | 63.4 ± 17.4 | 59.6 ± 16.7 | −3.9 ± 4.7 | 0.0732 | 0.6567 | −0.586 |
| Shift | 62.9 ± 15.6 | 58.2 ± 13.1 | −4.7 ± 9.9 | 0.1119 | 66.3 ± 14.5 | 57.7 ± 14.2 | −8.6 ± 7.2 | 0.0197 | 0.6597 | 0.428 |
| Self-monitor | 56.4 ± 13.6 | 51.7 ± 11.9 | −4.7 ± 7.8 | 0.0504 | 54.6 ± 13.7 | 52.4 ± 15.4 | −2.1 ± 4.8 | 0.2863 | 0.7908 | −0.367 |
| Initiate | 63.5 ± 10.4 | 56.5 ± 9.7 | −7.0 ± 7.1 | 0.0039 | 63.0 ± 9.9 | 62.6 ± 13.4 | −0.4 ± 10.6 | 0.9184 | 0.9164 | −0.781 |
| Working memory | 69.1 ± 11.1 | 63.0 ± 10.4 | −6.1 ± 9.3 | 0.0371 | 71.9 ± 9.0 | 68.0 ± 6.5 | −3.9 ± 6.8 | 0.1864 | 0.5957 | −0.258 |
| Plan/organize | 65.3 ± 13.9 | 57.6 ± 12.7 | − 7.7 ± 8.5 | 0.0067 | 66.6 ± 9.1 | 68.0 ± 9.6 | 1.4 ± 8.0 | 0.6548 | 0.8396 | −1.094 |
| Or. of materials | 51.7 ± 11.0 | 48.9 ± 9.5 | − 2.8 ± 6.4 | 0.145 | 56.4 ± 11.5 | 56.9 ± 9.9 | 0.4 ± 6.1 | 0.8594 | 0.4043 | −0.506 |
| Task monitoring | 56.2 ± 13.9 | 52.6 ± 11.1 | − 3.5 ± 7.9 | 0.1342 | 63.9 ± 14.3 | 55.7 ± 14.0 | − 8.1 ± 9.5 | 0.0637 | 0.2809 | 0.542 |
| BRI | 60.6 ± 14.8 | 53.9 ± 12.2 | − 6.7 ± 7.8 | 0.0093 | 62.3 ± 17.0 | 57.0 ± 17.4 | − 5.3 ± 4.9 | 0.028 | 0.8312 | −0.202 |
| MI | 63.8 ± 12.2 | 57.4 ± 11.8 | − 6.4 ± 5.8 | 0.0019 | 67.1 ± 9.4 | 65.0 ± 9.5 | − 2.1 ± 6.4 | 0.409 | 0.5522 | −0.706 |
| GEC | 63.3 ± 13.3 | 56.3 ± 12.1 | − 7.0 ± 6.2 | 0.0015 | 66.3 ± 12.3 | 62.4 ± 12.5 | − 3.9 ± 5.5 | 0.114 | 0.6475 | −0.528 |
Baseline comparison of p-values test the null hypothesis of equal means of the two groups at baseline using an unpaired t-test; three-month comparison of p-values test the null hypothesis of equal means of each group pre-post intervention (HBOT/sham respectively) using a paired t-test; bold, P < 0.05, net effect size is the subtraction of Cohen’s D effect size of the control group from the HBOT group Cohen’s D effect size.
BRI behavioral regulation index, MI metacognition, GEC global executive composite.