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. 2022 Sep 24;13(9):817. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05259-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The active oncogenic KRAS mutant triggers glycolysis for energy generation and building block biosynthesis and shunting into the nonoxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway for nucleic acid biosynthesis and the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis through upregulation of key enzymes in glycolysis. In addition, micropinocytosis and autophagy ensure that mutant KRAS cancer cells obtain energy and biosynthetic building blocks from the microenvironment. GLUT1 glucose transporter 1, HK1/2 hexokinases 1 and 2, PFK1 phosphofructokinase 1, LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A, ASCT2, also known as solute carrier family 1, member 5 (SLC1A5); SN2, also known as solute carrier family 38, member 5 (SLC38A5); MCT monocarboxylic transporters, GOT aspartate transaminase, GLUD1 glutamate dehydrogenase 1, GLS1 glutaminase 1, G6P glucose 6-phosphate, F6P fructose 6-phosphate, FBP fructose 1,6-phosphate, DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate, G3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3PG 3-phosphoglycerate, αKG α-ketoglutarate, Asp aspartate, OAA oxaloacetate, TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle. The graph was created with BioRender.com.