Table 2.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis, with a presentation of the mechanisms of their regulation.

LncRNA	Disease	Expression	Target	Biological function	References
MRAK048635_P1	Hypertension	Down	Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin D1 and cyclin E, caspase3, retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), and calponin	Causes a phenotypic change in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a contractile to a secretory phenotype. Promotes proliferation and migration of VSMCs and inhibits their apoptosis	[16]
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)	Hypertension	Down	Notch homolog 1 (Notch-1)	Decreased relative expression of transcription factors associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Inhibition of endothelial cells (ECs) apoptosis	[17]
AK094457	Hypertension	Up	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)	Enhances angiotensin II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction	[18]
AF131217.1	Atherosclerosis	Down	miR-128–3p/Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) axis	Reduced inflammation on the endothelial surface	[19]
LncRNA activated by TGF- β (ATB)	Atherosclerosis	Up	Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and caspase-3	Apoptosis and inhibition of endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation	[20]
430945	Atherosclerosis	Up	Receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2)/Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)	Promotes migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)	[21]
LEF1 antisense RNA 1 (LEF1-AS1)	Atherosclerosis	Up	miR-544a/Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) axis	Promotes proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)	[22]