TABLE.
Changes in Sleep, Sleep Cognitions, and Mental Health Between 6-Month Follow-up and the COVID Period (N = 112)
| Variables | Baseline, Mean (SD) | 6 mo, Mean (SD) | COVID Survey, Mean (SD) | Δ From 6 mo to COVID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insomnia and sleep characteristics | ||||
| Insomnia severity (ISI) | 15.11 (4.87) | 10.08 (4.62) | 8.95 (6.00) | −1.05 (5.30)a |
| Sleep quality (PSQI) | 9.82 (3.84) | 7.59 (3.60) | 8.21 (3.95) | 0.53 (1.49) |
| Sleep latency (PSQI), min | 36.07 (41.32) | 23.82 (22.70) | 24.62 (23.80) | 2.02 (23.69) |
| Sleep efficiency (PSQI), % | 77.68 (14.64) | 81.41 (13.06) | 78.97 (20.51) | −2.96 (23.40) |
| Sleep duration (PSQI), h | 7.16 (2.01) | 7.57 (1.28) | 7.05 (2.17) | −0.59 (2.36) |
| Sleep disturbance T score (PROMIS) | 55.82 (7.53) | 51.72 (7.15) | 51.23 (9.81) | −0.09 (8.91) |
| Sleep impairment T score (PROMIS) | 53.49 (8.55) | 43.47 (10.76) | 50.05 (8.71) | 6.77 (10.41)b |
| Daytime symptoms | ||||
| Perceived Stress Scale | 14.39 (7.19) | 12.51 (7.16) | 12.73 (7.57) | 0.25 (6.16) |
| Anxiety T score (PROMIS) | 51.30 (8.64) | 49.10 (9.25) | 50.29 (9.80) | 1.38 (7.94) |
| Depression T score (PROMIS) | 49.68 (8.10) | 48.45 (8.80) | 48.74 (8.99) | 0.32 (5.87) |
| Sleep-related cognitions | ||||
| Sleep disturbance (SDQ) | 5.18 (1.52) | 4.56 (1.49) | 4.41 (1.55) | −0.16 (1.46) |
| Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep | 2.92(0.70) | 2.55 (0.74) | 2.51 (0.70) | −0.02 (0.52) |
Significance of changed variables (Δ) are tested using a paired t test.
Abbreviations: DBAS, Dysfunctional Beliefs & Attitudes about Sleep Scale; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PROMIS, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement System; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality); SDQ, Sleep Disturbance Questionnaire.
aP < .05.
bP < .001.