Table 3. Unadjusted and adjusted coefficients (95% confidence intervals, CI) of factors associated with attitude towards coronavirus (COVID-19) preventive practices during the pandemic among Sub-Sahara African respondents .
| Variables | Unadjusted Coefficient B (95% CI) | Adjusted Coefficient β (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Africa | East Africa | Central Africa | Southern Africa | West Africa | East Africa | Central Africa | Southern Africa | |
| Demography | ||||||||
| Age category in years | ||||||||
| 18-28 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 29-38 | 1.59 (0.83, 2.35) | 1.99 (0.04, 3.94) | 0.65 (-1.08, 2.38) | -0.89 (-2.04, 0.26) | 0.64 (0.18, 1.09) | _ | _ | _ |
| 39-48 | 0.70 (-0.09, 1.50) | 0.69 (-1.51, 2.88) | -0.04 (-1.91, 1.84) | 0.29 (-.98, 1.56) | 0.35 (-0.16, 0.85) | _ | _ | _ |
| 49+ | 1.17 (0.16,2.17) | 1.82 (-0.46, 4.10) | 0.97 (-1.81, 3.76) | 0.78 (-0.67, 2.24) | 0.53 (-0.04, 1.11) | _ | _ | _ |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Males | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Females | -0.19 (-0.81, 0.42) | 0.19 (-1.38, 1.77) | -0.20 (-1.55, 1.16) | 0.34 (-0.58, 1.27) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Not married | -0.90 (-1.51,-0.30) | -0.11 (-1.66, 1.44) | 0.25 (-1.21, 1.72) | 0.33 (-0.61, 1.27) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Highest level of Education | ||||||||
| Postgraduate degree (Masters /PhD) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Bachelor’s degree | -0.99 (-1.67,-0.31) | -0.11 (-1.91, 1.69) | 0.89 (-0.71, 2.49) | -0.08 (-1.13, 0.97) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Secondary/Primary | -1.66 (-2.50, -0.82) | -0.45 (-2.71, 1.83) | 0.54 (-1.28, 2.37) | -1.55 (-2.83, -0.26) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Unemployed | -0.90 (-1.55, -0.26) | -1.10 (-2.74, 0.53) | -0.53 (-1.87, 0.82) | -0.65 (-1.63, 0.33) | -0.60 (-1.04, -0.16) | _ | _ | _ |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Christianity | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Others | -0.39 (-1.29, 0.51) | -1.34 (-3.95, 1.28) | 1.14 (-0.97, 3.26) | 0.76 (-0.83, 2.36) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Non-health care sector | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Health care sector | 0.32 (-0.39, 1.03) | -0.63 (-2.68, 1.42) | 0.86 (-0.92, 2.65) | 0.09 (-1.17, 1.36) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Number living together | ||||||||
| < 3 people | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 4-6 people | -0.02 (-0.79, 0.76) | -0.57 (-2.35, 1.21) | -0.29 (-2.11, 1.54) | -0.32 (-1.46, 0.81) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 6+ people | 0.10 (-0.90, 1.10) | 0.96 (-1.37, 3.29) | -0.46 (-2.43, 1.51) | -0.57 (-2.11, 0.97) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Attitude | ||||||||
| Are you currently or have you been in self-isolation because of COVID-19? | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.82, 1.48) | 1.60 (0.86, 2.33) | 1.68 (0.97, 2.40) | 0.74 (0.26, 1.23) | 0.81 (0.45,1.16) | 1.68 (0.91, 2.44) | 0.86 (0.04, 1.67) | _ |
| Home quarantined due to Covid-19 | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1.17 (0.86, 1.47) | 1.25 (0.58, 1.92) | 1.94 (1.27, 2.61) | 0.73 (0.27, 1.20) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.43) | _ | 1.53 (0.75, 2.31) | 0.78 (0.32, 1.24) |
| Do you live alone during COVID-19? | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | -0.30 (-1.08, 0.48) | -1.54( -3.52, 0.45) | 0.90 (-0.76, 2.56) | 0.59 (-0.59, 1.77) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| How much worried are you about COVID-19? | ||||||||
| Very worried | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Somehow worried | -0.77 (-1.49,-0.04) | -0.06 (-1.99, 1.86) | -0.73 (-2.44, 0.98) | -1.33 (-2.47, -0.19) | -0.51 (-0.86, -0.15) | _ | -0.73 (-2.44, 0.98) | -1.33 (-2.47, -0.20) |
| Not at all | -3.93 (-4.65,-3.21) | -4.02 (-5.75, -2.28) | -4.19 (-5.78, -2.60) | -3.76 (-4.85, -2.66) | -0.19 (-0.56, 0.19) | _ | -4.2 (-5.78,-2.60) | -3.76 (-4.85, -2.66) |
| How do you feel about the self-isolation? | ||||||||
| Anxious | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | -0.00 (-0.71, 0.70) | 0.13 (-1.58, 1.85) | -1.07 (-2.86, 0.73) | -0.69 (-1.82, 0.44) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Bored | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.24 (-0.52, 1.01) | -0.43 (-2.18, 1.32) | -1.15 (-3.18, 0.87) | 0.09 (-1.03, 1.22) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Frustrated | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.14 (-0.56, 0.83) | -1.73 (-3.48, 0.01) | -0.61 (-2.17, 0.97) | -0.51 (-1.63, 0.61) | _ | 0.71 (0.02, 1.40) | _ | _ |
| Angry | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 0.23 (-0.66, 1.12) | -0.87 (-2.89, 1.16) | -1.14 (-2.79, 0.49) | -1.15(-2.80, 0.49) | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Knowledge | 1.62 (1.52, 1.71) | 1.80 (1.59, 2.02) | 1.65 (1.42, 1.88) | 1.65 (1.42, 1.88) | 0.35 (0.19, 0.51) | -0.39 (-0.82, 0.05) | 0.39 (0.12, 0.66) | 0.27 (-0.01, 0.54) |
0.00 = Reference; CIs excluding 0.00 are statistically significant variables. For each region, a linear regression model was conducted with mean score for attitude towards preventive practices during the pandemic as the outcome variable. However, only the significant variables after adjusting for potential confounders were presented.