Table 3. Adjusted Association of Each Phthalate Metabolite With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.
| Metabolite | Obesity | Metabolic syndrome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI)a | P value, overall | P value | RR (95% CI)a | P value, overall | P value | |
| MCNP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .07 | NA | 1 [Reference] | .87 | NA |
| T2 | 1.10 (0.94-1.29) | .21 | 0.98 (0.86-1.12) | .73 | ||
| T3 | 1.21 (1.03-1.42) | .02 | 1.01 (0.85-1.19) | .94 | ||
| MCOP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | <.001b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .26 | NA |
| T2 | 1.07 (0.88-1.29) | .48 | 0.93 (0.80-1.08) | .33 | ||
| T3 | 1.29 (1.13-1.48) | <.001b | 1.05 (0.91-1.22) | .50 | ||
| MECPP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | <.001b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .05 | NA |
| T2 | 1.33 (1.13-1.56) | .001b | 1.10 (0.90-1.35) | .33 | ||
| T3 | 1.36 (1.17-1.58) | <.001b | 1.16 (1.02-1.32) | .02 | ||
| MBP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .01b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .70 | NA |
| T2 | 1.17 (1.01-1.36) | .03 | 1.06 (0.92-1.22) | .42 | ||
| T3 | 1.37 (1.12-1.66) | .003b | 1.06 (0.90-1.25) | .46 | ||
| MCPP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .01b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .60 | NA |
| T2 | 1.17 (0.97-1.42) | .11 | 1.05 (0.90-1.22) | .53 | ||
| T3 | 1.29 (1.09-1.51) | .003b | 1.07 (0.94-1.21) | .32 | ||
| MEP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .001b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .58 | NA |
| T2 | 1.45 (1.20-1.76) | <.001b | 1.07 (0.91-1.25) | .42 | ||
| T3 | 1.39 (1.13-1.73) | .003b | 1.09 (0.92-1.30) | .30 | ||
| MEHHP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .09 | NA | 1 [Reference] | .09 | NA |
| T2 | 1.15 (0.95-1.40) | .15 | 1.14 (0.96-1.36) | .12 | ||
| T3 | 1.26 (1.03-1.54) | .03 | 1.21 (1.02-1.44) | .03 | ||
| MEHP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .70 | NA | 1 [Reference] | .83 | NA |
| T2 | 1.03 (0.89-1.19) | .65 | 0.96 (0.85-1.09) | .54 | ||
| T3 | 1.05 (0.93-1.19) | .44 | 0.98 (0.84-1.15) | .81 | ||
| MiBP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .01b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .65 | NA |
| T2 | 1.10 (0.91-1.33) | .31 | 1.07 (0.90-1.28) | .40 | ||
| T3 | 1.29 (1.10-1.51) | .003b | 1.07 (0.91-1.27) | .40 | ||
| MNP | ||||||
| T1/T2 | 1 [Reference] | .04 | NA | 1 [Reference] | .93 | NA |
| T3 | 1.16 (1.01-1.33) | .04 | 1.01 (0.89-1.13) | .93 | ||
| MEOHP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .02 | NA | 1 [Reference] | .14 | NA |
| T2 | 1.24 (1.05-1.47) | .01b | 1.17 (0.98-1.39) | .08 | ||
| T3 | 1.30 (1.08-1.57) | .007b | 1.20 (1.00-1.43) | .05 | ||
| MBzP | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .005b | NA | 1 [Reference] | .07 | NA |
| T2 | 1.08 (0.87-1.33) | .48 | 1.12 (0.95-1.32) | .17 | ||
| T3 | 1.34 (1.10-1.62) | .004b | 1.19 (1.02-1.38) | .03 | ||
| MHNCH | ||||||
| T1 | 1 [Reference] | .29 | NA | 1 [Reference] | .55 | NA |
| T2 | 1.03 (0.78-1.36) | .84 | 0.91 (0.75-1.10) | .32 | ||
| T3 | 1.13 (0.96-1.33) | .13 | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) | .61 | ||
Abbreviations: MBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate (ng/mL); MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate (ng/mL); MCNP, monocarboxynonyl phthalate (ng/mL); MCOP, monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (ng/mL); MCPP, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; MECPP, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypenty) phthalate; MEHHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ng/mL); MEOHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MEP, monoethyl phthalate (ng/mL); MHNCH, cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy isononyl) ester (ng/mL); MiBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate; MNP, monoisononyl phthalate (ng/mL); NA, not applicable; RR, relative risk; T1, first tertile (reference category); T2, second tertile; T3, third tertile.
All analyses adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, income, marital status, birth country, educational level, smoking status, alcohol use status, physical activity, and creatinine level.
P values are significant at a 1% level of significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons. The overall P value provides an overall association between each phthalate metabolite and each outcome, whereas the P value provides the association of each level of phthalate metabolite with each outcome.