Table 3.
Demographics of included studies.
| Study | Participants monitored with wearables, n | Study population | Sex (male), % | Age (years) | Ethnicity, % |
| Al-Bouwarthan et al [33], 2020 | 23 | Construction worker | 100 | Mean 42.7 (SD 8.8) | —a |
| Al-Mohannadi et al [34], 2016 | 2088 | General population | 67 | Range 18-65 | — |
| Al Sayed et al [35], 2017 | 12 | Male | 100 | Mean 24.8 (SD 3.8) | — |
| Bailey et al [36], 2019 | 38 | University member | 50 | Group 1: mean 32.6 (SD 13); group 2: mean 21.5 (SD 3) | 92% White |
| Benita et al [37], 2020; Benita and Tuncer [38], 2019 | 10 | University student; female | 0 | Mean 22.8 (SD 1.5) | — |
| Benjamin et al [39], 2020 | 19 | Athlete; female | 0 | Mean 20.6 (SD 1.4) | — |
| Bernhard et al [40], 2015 | 81 | Outdoor worker or general population | 35 | Mean 52 (rural), 50.5 (urban), and 44.5 (outdoor worker) | 93% Black or African American |
| Cedeño Laurent et al [41], 2018 | 44 | University student; healthy | 51 | Mean 20.2 (SD 1.8) | 40% White |
| Cheong et al [42], 2020 | 9 | Older adult | 22 | Range 65-87 | 67% White, 11% Black, 11% Hispanic or Latino, and 11% other |
| Cuddy et al [43], 2013 | 56 | Male | 100 | Mean 22 (SD 3) | — |
| Culp and Tonelli [44], 2019 | 20 | Farm worker; male | 100 | Range 18-65 | 100% Hispanic |
| Edwards et al [45], 2015 | 372 | Children (age 3 years at recruitment); healthy | 52 | Mean 3.4 (SD 0.3) | 22% Black or African American |
| Hamatani et al [46], 2017 | 13 | General population | 92 | — | — |
| Hass and Ellis [47], 2019 | 45 | General population | 37 | Range 18-≥65 | 64% White and 11% Black or African American |
| Hondula et al [48], 2020 | 84 | General population | — | — | — |
| Ioannou et al [49], 2017 | 7 | Farm worker; healthy | 71 | Male: mean 39 (SD 10.8); female: mean 39.5 (SD 13.4) | — |
| Jehn et al [50], 2014 | 15 | Clinically stable NYHA II-IVb patients with PAHc | 60 | Mean 66.7 (SD 5.2) | — |
| Kakamu et al [51], 2021 | 84 | Construction worker | 100 | Mean 48.4 (SD 14) | — |
| Ketko et al [52], 2014 | 104 | Military; male | 100 | Range 18-21 | — |
| Kim et al [53], 2013 | 12 | Male | 100 | Mean 25.5 (SD 4.1) | — |
| Kuras et al [54], 2015 | 23 | General population | 39 | Range 25-79 | 74% White and 26% Black or African American |
| Lam et al [55], 2021 | 145 | University student (first-year student) | 34 | Mean 18.1 (range 17-21) | — |
| Larose et al [56], 2014 | 60 | Male; healthy | 100 | Mean 45.4 (range 20-70) | — |
| Lewis et al [57], 2016 | 1095 | Children aged 9-11 years | 43 | Mean 10.6 (SD 0.4) | — |
| Li et al [58], 2020 | 10 | Construction worker; healthy; male | 100 | Mean 39.4 (SD 3.6) | — |
| Lisman et al [59], 2014 | 46 | Military or university community member; healthy or previous exertional heat stroke | 74 | Mean 29.7 (SD 5.9) | — |
| Longo et al [60], 2017 | 20 | Homeless individual or university student | 75 | Range 18-60 | — |
| Lundgren et al [61], 2014 | 77 | Outdoor worker | 86 | — | — |
| MacLean et al [62], 2020 | 12 | Male; healthy | 100 | Mean 24.2 (SD 3.7) | — |
| Minor et al [30], 2020 | 47,628 | General population | 69 | Age distribution: 19-25, 6%; 25-65, 91%; ≥65, 3% | — |
| Mitchell et al [63], 2018 | 587 | Farm worker | 66 | Mean 38.6 | 98% Latino |
| Nazarian et al [64], 2021 | 77 | General population | 52 | Range 18-48 | 100% Asian |
| Notley et al [65], 2021 | 50 | Young (18-30) and healthy or older (50-70) and healthy; older and T2Dd or HTNe | 100 | Mean 50 (SD 17); mean per group: 22 (young), 58 (older), 60 (T2D), and 61 (HTN) | — |
| Ojha et al [66], 2020 | 10 | University student | 70 | — | — |
| Pancardo et al [67], 2015 | 20 | Outdoor worker; healthy | 55 | Mean 28.6 (range 22-51) | — |
| Quante et al [68], 2017 | 669 | Adolescents aged 12-14 years | 49 | Mean 12.9 (SD 0.6) | 68% White, 14% Black, 3% Hispanic, 3% Asian, and 13% Other |
| Raval et al [69], 2018 | 16 | Traffic police worker | 100 | Range 19-57 | — |
| Ravanelli et al [70], 2016; Ravanelli et al [71], 2015 | 8 | Male; healthy | 100 | Mean 24 (SD 3) | — |
| Relf et al [72], 2018 | 14 | Female; healthy | 0 | Mean 26 (SD 7) | — |
| Relf et al [73], 2020 | 19 | General population; healthy | 79 | Mean 41 (SD 23) | — |
| Rosenthal et al [74], 2020 | 455 | General population | 42 | — | — |
| Runkle et al [75], 2019; Sugg et al [76], 2018 | 35 | Outdoor worker | 100 | Mean 39.2 | 74% White, 14% Black or African American, 9% Hispanic, and 2% American Indian or Alaska Native |
| Sahu et al [77], 2013 | 48 | Farm worker | 100 | Range 25-34 | — |
| Seo et al [78], 2016 | 12 | Male; healthy | 100 | Group 1: mean 23 (SD 1); group 2: mean 23 (SD 2); group 3: mean 24 (SD 2) | — |
| Shakerian et al [79], 2021 | 18 | University student | 78 | Female: mean 24 (SD 3.2); male: mean 24 (SD 2.8) | — |
| Shin et al [80], 2015 | 9 | Young; healthy | 67 | Mean 23.3 (SD 4.1) | — |
| Suwei et al [81], 2019 | 51 | Outdoor worker | 35 | Mean 42.9 (range 21-60) | 96% African American |
| Uejio et al [82], 2018 | 50 | Outdoor worker | 92 | Mean 44 (SD 11.1) | 59% Black, 39% White, and 2% Hispanic |
| Van Hoye et al [83], 2014 | 39 | University student; healthy | 54 | Mean 21.4 (SD 1.41) | — |
| Williams et al [84], 2019 | 51 | Older adult | 43 | Mean 65.4 | 67% White |
| Xiong et al [85], 2020 | 48 | General population | 46 | Mean 36 (SD 12) | — |
| Zheng et al [86], 2019 | 740 | Adolescent or secondary school student | 52 | Mean 14.7 (SD 1.6) | 100% Asian |
| Zhu et al [87], 2016 | 6 | General population | 50 | Males: mean 27.3 (SD 2.5); female: mean 22.3 (SD 1.2) | — |
aThe respective information was missing in the article.
bNYHA II-IV: New York Heart Association Functional Classification for heart failure stage II-IV.
cPAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension.
dT2D: type 2 diabetes.
eHTN: hypertension.