Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies and populations (N=16).
| Study, year | Country | Publication type | RCTa type | Sample size | Age, mean (SD) | Male participants, n (%) | MMSEb score | Health condition | Setting |
| Finn and McDonald [31], 2015 | Australia | Journal article | Parallel | 31 | 75.6 | 22 (71) | 28.1 | MCIc | Clinical |
| Robert et al [32], 2020 | France | Journal article | Parallel | 46 | 79.4 | 22 (47.8) | 21.4 | Neurocognitive disorders | Clinical |
| Savulich et al [33], 2017 | United Kingdom | Journal article | Parallel | 42 | 76.1 | 25 (59.5) | 26.7 | MCI | Clinical |
| Valdes et al [34], 2012 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 195 | 77.7 | 65 (33.3) | NRd | MCI | Clinical |
| Yang and Kwak [35], 2017 | South Korea | Journal article | Parallel | 20 | 71 | 14 (70) | 23.1 | ADe | Clinical |
| Thapa et al [36], 2020 | South Korea | Journal article | Parallel | 68 | 72.7 | 16 (23.5) | 26.2 | MCI | Clinical |
| Tarnanas et al [37], 2014 | Greece | Book chapter | Parallel | 114 | 70.3 | 44 (39) | 26.4 | MCI | Clinical |
| Fiatarone Singh et al [38], 2014 | Australia | Journal article | Factorial | 100 | 70.1 | 32 (32) | 27 | MCI | Community |
| Amjad et al [39], 2019 | Pakistan | Journal article | Parallel | 44 | NR | NR | 24 | MCI | Clinical |
| Wiloth et al [40], 2017 | Germany | Journal article | Parallel | 99 | 82.9 | 28 (28.3) | 22 | Dementia | Clinical and community |
| Van Santen et al [41], 2020 | Netherlands | Journal article | Cluster | 112 | 79 | 60 (53.5) | 18.6 | Dementia | Clinical |
| Karssemeijer et al [42], 2019 | Netherlands | Journal article | Parallel | 115 | 79.9 | 62 (53.9) | 22.4 | Dementia | Clinical and community |
| Liao et al [43], 2021 | Taiwan | Journal article | Parallel | 61 | 81.5 | 20 (32.6) | 22.9 | MCI | Community |
| Flak et al [44], 2019 | Norway | Journal article | Parallel | 85 | 66 | 57 (66.7) | NR | MCI | Clinical |
| Hyer et al [45], 2016 | United States | Journal article | Parallel | 68 | 75.2 | 32 (47.1) | 26 | MCI | Community |
| Park and Park [46], 2017 | South Korea | Journal article | Parallel | 78 | 67.3 | 42 (53.8) | 26.5 | MCI | Community |
aRCT: randomized controlled trial.
bMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.
cMCI: mild cognitive impairment.
dNR: not reported.
eAD: Alzheimer disease.