Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios for associations between participant characteristics and knowledge of preconception risk factors
| Folic acid | Physical activity | Body mass index | Diet | Abusea | Age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| 18–24 years | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| 25–29 years | 1.59 (0.87–2.88) | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) | 1.56 (0.98–2.48) | 0.72 (0.38–1.37) | 0.45 (0.18–1.12) | 1.29 (0.51–3.24) |
| 30–34 years | 3.42 (1.79–6.52) ‡ | 1.89 (0.94–3.78) | 1.84 (1.06–3.18) § | 0.93 (0.42–2.06) | 0.89 (0.33–2.40) | 1.05 (0.33–3.38) |
| 35–39 years | 4.77 (2.41–9.43) ‡ | 1.28 (0.64–2.58) | 1.44 (0.80–2.60) | 0.67 (0.29–1.52) | 0.84 (0.29–2.45) | 1.68 (0.52–5.42) |
| 40–48 years | 4.30 (2.10–8.80) ‡ | 1.27 (0.61–2.62) | 1.77 (0.95–3.29) | 0.61 (0.26–1.45) | 0.41 (0.12–1.35) | 1.30 (0.36–4.67) |
| Income | ||||||
| < £19,000 | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| £19,000–£25,999 | 0.83 (0.40,1.71) | 1.00 (0.51–1.96) | 0.92 (0.48–1.79) | 1.35 (0.58–3.13) | 1.13 (0.36–3.60) | 1.07 (0.32–3.57) |
| £26,000–£31,999 | 0.82 (0.38–1.76) | 1.67 (0.78–3.54) | 1.27 (0.66–2.47) | 2.68 (0.93–7.70) | 1.09 (0.33–3.61) | 0.40 (0.08–2.10) |
| £32,000–£47,999 | 1.01 (0.55–1.87) | 1.50 (0.81–2.76) | 1.38 (0.79–2.42) | 1.25 (0.61–2.56) | 0.66 (0.22–1.95) | 0.66 (0.20–2.14) |
| £48,000–£63,999 | 1.35 (0.73–2.49) | 1.47 (0.79–2.74) | 1.80 (1.03–3.15) § | 1.25 (0.60–2.60) | 0.91 (0.32–2.61) | 0.92 (0.30–2.80) |
| £64,000–£95,999 | 1.25 (0.67–2.31) | 1.64 (0.86–3.10) | 1.93 (1.10–3.39) § | 1.26 (0.60–2.62) | 0.75 (0.25–2.24) | 1.11 (0.37–3.32) |
| ≥ £96,000 | 1.20 (0.61–2.38) | 1.39 (0.67–2.87) | 3.11 (1.65–5.84) ‡ | 1.15 (0.50–2.64) | 0.48 (0.12–1.89) | 1.36 (0.41–4.54) |
| Education | ||||||
| School | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| Intermediate | 1.58 (0.78–3.22) | 0.61 (0.30–1.22) | 1.16 (0.62–2.16) | 0.84 (0.35–1.99) | 0.59 (0.21–1.69) | 0.70 (0.20–2.44) |
| University | 2.37 (1.21–4.64) § | 1.18 (0.59–2.35) | 0.92 (0.51–1.65) | 1.06 (0.46–2.44) | 0.63 (0.23–1.72) | 0.74 (0.22–2.42) |
| Minority ethnicityb | 0.89 (0.50–1.58) | 0.74 (0.40–1.36) | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 1.04 (0.48–2.26) | 0.47 (0.11–2.01) | 0.50 (0.12–2.11) |
| Born outside the UKb | 0.52 (0.29–0.94) § | 1.72 (0.80–3.70) | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 1.57 (0.66–3.78) | 0.44 (0.10–1.88) | 2.12 (0.89–5.05) |
| Ever pregnantb | 2.48 (1.70–3.62) ‡ | 1.19 (0.76–1.84) | 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | 1.20 (0.73–1.97) | 1.99 (0.96–4.14) | 0.46 (0.22–0.99) § |
| Previous live birth(s)b | 2.18 (1.47–3.22) ‡ | 0.98 (0.61–1.57) | 1.27 (0.87–1.85) | 1.20 (0.70–2.03) | 2.15 (1.00–4.62) | 0.38 (0.17–0.86) § |
| Adverse outcomesb | 2.49 (1.63–3.81) ‡ | 0.79 (0.49–1.27) | 0.99 (0.66–1.49) | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 1.20 (0.56–2.55) | 0.53 (0.20–1.44) |
| Previous infertilityb | 1.38 (0.88–2.14) | 0.84 (0.51–1.40) | 1.28 (0.85–1.95) | 1.02 (0.56–1.87) | 0.95 (0.42–2.13) | 1.39 (0.61–3.17) |
| Pregnancy intentions | ||||||
| Definitely not | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| Not sure/Don’t know | 1.13 (0.70–1.84) | 1.15 (0.66–1.98) | 1.27 (0.80–1.99) | 2.27 (1.12–4.63) § | 2.50 (1.11–5.66) § | 0.84 (0.34–2.10) |
| In the next 3+ years | 0.85 (0.45–1.59) | 1.11 (0.59–2.10) | 1.28 (0.74–2.20) | 1.43 (0.66–3.10) | 1.06 (0.33–3.36) | 0.59 (0.19–1.80) |
| Within 2 years | 2.11 (1.30–3.43) ‡ | 1.39 (0.79–2.42) | 1.62 (1.03–2.55) § | 0.97 (0.52–1.79) | 0.83 (0.31–2.22) | 0.86 (0.34–2.13) |
aPhysical, emotional, or sexual
bReference categories were: White ethnicity (with all other response options categorised as minority ethnicity); Born in the UK; Nulligravidity; Nulliparity; No prior miscarriage, stillbirth, or termination due to foetal abnormalities; No prior inability to become pregnant after ≥12 months of trying or seeking of medical/professional help for infertility
‡ Statistically significant at p < 0.005
§ Statistically significant at p < 0.05