TABLE 10.

Rate of use of Instructor Talk by GTAs disaggregated by prior teaching experience and pedagogical training (mean ± SEM)

	Overall Instructor Talk instances per 30 minutes	Positively Phrased Instructor Talk instances per 30 minutes	Negatively Phrased Instructor Talk instances per 30 minutes	Early-Course sample all Instructor Talk instances per 15 minutes	Midcourse sample all Instructor Talk instances per 15 minutes
Prior teaching experience AND prior pedagogical training (n = 11)	19 ± 3.2	16 ± 2.4	3.4 ± 1.3	12 ± 2.5	6.7 ± 1.0
Prior teaching experience, BUT minimal or no prior pedagogical training (n = 8)	12 ± 2.0	11 ± 2.1	1.1 ± 0.4	5.0 ± 1.0	6.8 ± 1.5
NO prior teaching experience AND minimal or no prior pedagogical training (n = 5)	6.6 ± 1.9	5.0 ± 1.7	1.6 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 1.6	2.8 ± 0.5
Kruskal-Wallis	χ2 = 7.1p = 0.027	χ2 = 8.2p = 0.017	χ2 = 0.56p = 0.75	χ2 = 7.4p = 0.024	χ2 = 6.5p = 0.039

Bold indicates statistical comparison was significant with Bonferroni adjustment.