TABLE 3.
Description of Study Designs, Coachees, and Study Setting
| Study Design | Coachee Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (GRADE Study Design)a | Mixed Methods? | Multi- or Monospecialty | No. | Study Setting | |
| Cross-sectional | No control (Very low) | Yes | Multispecialty | 11 | WI, USA |
| Quasi-Experimental | Before-After without contemporaneous control (Low) |
No | Multispecialty | 4b | Australia |
| Yes | Multispecialty | 23 | Boston, MA, USA | ||
| Before-After with contemporaneous control (Moderate) | No | Multispecialty | 20 | Rocky Mountain Region of CO, USA | |
| Yes | Monospecialty | 26 | MI, USA | ||
| Yes | Monospecialty | 2 | Across the U.S. and Canada | ||
| Experimental | Cluster-randomized trial (High) |
Yes | Multispecialty | 20 | Lyon, France |
| Crossover-randomized trial (High) |
No | Multispecialty | 80 | Mayoclinic, USA Multicenter |
|
aGRADE - simplified version of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system - cross-sectional studies with no control group were classified as “very low”, quasi-experimental designs with no controls were classified as “low”, quasi-experimental designs with contemporaneous controls were classified as “moderate”, and experimental studies were classified as “high”. These ratings categorize studies based on their design, and unlike the comprehensive GRADE scale, do not fully reflect the validity or reliability of the research.
bStudy included 12 total coachees, but only 4 were attending surgeons, while 3 were fellows and 5 were residents.