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. 2022 Sep 9;13:1005665. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005665

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The mechanism of exercise improving osteoporosis. Exercise-induced changes in mechanical stress, hormones, and cytokines can regulate the pathological changes of osteoporosis. Mechanistically, exercise reduces the harmful osteoporosis alterations via affecting apoptosis, inflammatory response, and autophagy, and exercise may affect the epigenetic mechanisms of bone metabolism by regulating non-coding RNAs and DNA methylation.