Table 1.

Mechanism of exercise in the treatment of osteoporosis (OP) in rodents.

Authors	Model	Exercise types	Related gene/cytokines/protein	Involved in pathways	Improved organization	Functions	Change
Chen et al. (3)	OP mice model	Running exercise	Nrf2, Dnmt1/3a/3b, SOD	Keap1-Nrf2	Femur bone mass and trabecular microstructure	DNA Methylation	↓
Aveline et al. (80)	OP rat model	Jumping exercise	Caspase-3	–	Whole body BMC and BMD, femur trabecular bone, and cortical microarchitecture	Osteocyte Apoptosis	↓
Maurel et al. (81)	OP rat model	Treadmill training	Caspase-3	–	Femur trabecular microstructure	Osteocyte Apoptosis	↓
Wen et al. (82)	Aged rat model	Low magnitude vibration	P53, P21	Sirt1/p53/p21	Femur BMD and trabecular microstructure	Apoptosis	↓
Li et al. (83)	OP rat model	Running	IL-1b, IL-6, Cox-2	–	Tibias trabecular microstructure	Inflammation	↓
Gao et al. (84)	Female rat model	Treadmill training	serum corticosterone, cortisol, pregnenolone, and estradiol	BDNF/AKT	–	Inflammation	↓
Lee et al. (85)	Middle-aged mice model	Treadmill training	–	–	Femur and tibias BMD and trabecular microstructure and skeletal nerve fiber density	miRNA	↓↑
Liu et al. (52)	OP mice model	Treadmill training	OCN, Col1α1, PINP	–	Femur bone mass and thickness of cortical bone and trabecular microstructure	lncRNA Neat1	↑
Zuo et al. (86)	OP cell model	Mechanical stretch	Runx2	–	Osteoblast differentiation and bone formation	miR-103a	↓

↑: increase; ↓: decrease; ↑↓: The expression of some miRNAs was increased, and the expression of some miRNAs was decreased.