Table 4.
Variables that may aggravate PHE in patients.
| Baseline variables | Clinical variables | Hematological characteristics | Other clinical variables |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender and older age [115] | A higher score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [115] | Higher platelet count [147] | Cerebral venous drainage system damage (i) AIVF [125] (ii) Negative JVR [157] (iii) Lower CVFV [158] |
| Genetic characteristics (i) APOE4+ [132] (ii) AQP4 (rs1054827) [133] (iii) GC genotype in the TIMP-2-418 position (rs8179090) [134] (iv) Hp 1-1 phenotype [131] |
Lower Glasgow Coma Scale score [115] | Systemic inflammatory response (higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio) [117, 148] | Glymphatic system damage? |
| Higher glucose [115] | Larger initial ICH volume [116, 138] | Higher admission hematocrit [21] | |
| History of hypertension [138] | Irregular hematoma or black hole sign [115, 116] | Higher admission time for partial thromboplastin time [21] | |
| Higher admission SBP [144, 145] | Larger initial EED [115] | Absence in warfarin preuse [99, 149] | |
| Impaired blood pressure regulation [139] | Time from symptom onset [138] | Higher serum levels of IL-6 and soluble CD163 [150, 153] | |
| Higher body temperature [123, 124, 138, 140, 141] | Absence in sulfonylurea drug pretreatment [142, 143] | Higher serum MMP-3 or MMP-8 levels [151, 152] |
Abbreviations: PHE: perihematomal edema; APOE4: apolipoprotein E; AQP4: aquaporin 4; TIMP-2: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; Hp: haptoglobin; SBP: systolic blood pressure; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; EED: edema extension distance; MMP: matrix metallopeptidase; AIVF: absent in ipsilateral venous filling; JVR: jugular vein reflex; CVFV: cerebral venous outflow volume.