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. 2022 Sep 24;13:5608. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33358-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Illustration of the porous electrode of RPPy. RPPy is thick and porous, providing large space for microbial colonization. b A top view of the ideal three-layered structure of the four-species microbial community. c Illustration of carbon cloth. d, f Current density generated by the three synthetic microbial communities with RPPy as anode at external resistances of 2000 and 510 Ω, respectively. LSV scanning was conducted at day 5. e, g Current density generated by the three synthetic microbial communities with carbon cloth as anode at external resistances of 2000 and 510 Ω, respectively. The obvious signal fluctuations in panels e, g were caused by LSV scanning at days 5.5 and 12. The current densities were normalized to the geometrical area of anode. Three synthetic microbial communities include a two-species system (C + S2), a three-species system (C + E2 + S1) and a four-species system (C + E2 + S1 + G), where C represents a sucrose-producing cyanobacterium, E2 represents an engineered E. coli capable of degrading sucrose to lactate in MBG11-S medium, S1 represents an engineered S. oneidensis capable of generating electricity by oxidizing lactate, S2 represents an engineered S. oneidensis capable of generating electricity by oxidizing sucrose directly, and G represents G. sulfurreducens capable of generating electricity by completely oxidizing acetate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.