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. 2022 Sep 17;46(9):1753–1765. doi: 10.1111/acer.14917

TABLE 4.

Estimates for co‐twin serial mediation models in monozygotic twins only

Somatic symptoms (N = 1027) Self‐rated health (N = 1027) Life satisfaction (N = 1027)
β 95% CI β 95% CI β 95% CI
Direct effects
AUI to YA Alc Prob(a 1) 0.22 [0.16, 0.28] 0.22 [0.16, 0.28] 0.22 [0.16, 0.28]
AUI to EM Alc Prob(a 2) 0.01 [−0.06, 0.07] 0.01 [−0.06, 0.07] 0.01 [−0.05, 0.07]
YA Alc Prob to EM Alc Prob(d 21) 0.16 [0.10, 0.22] 0.16 [0.10, 0.22] 0.16 [0.11, 0.22]
YA Alc Prob to EM outcome (b 1) 0.01 [−0.05, 0.07] −0.04 [−0.11, 0.02] −0.06 [−0.12, 0.00]
EM Alc Prob to EM outcome (b 2) 0.16 [0.10, 0.22] −0.07 [−0.13, −0.01] −0.17 [−0.23, −0.12]
AUI to EM outcome −0.01 [−0.07, 0.05] 0.05 [−0.02, 0.11] 0.10 [0.04, 0.16]
Indirect effect
AUI via YA and EM alcohol Prob (a 1 * d 21 * b 2) 0.006 [0.002, 0.009] −0.002 [−0.005, 0.000] −0.006 [−0.010, −0.003]
Adolescent covariates
Adol BMI to EM outcome 0.04 [−0.02, 0.10] −0.06 [−0.12, 0.01] 0.00 [−0.06, 0.06]
Adol cigarette to EM outcome 0.04 [−0.02, 0.11] 0.03 [−0.04, 0.09] 0.05 [−0.01, 0.11]
Sex −0.02 [−0.08, 0.05] 0.01 [−0.05, 0.07] 0.02 [−0.03, 0.08]
Early midlife covariates
EM Rel status to EM outcome −0.05 [−0.11, 0.01] 0.05 [−0.02, 0.11] 0.16 [0.10, 0.21]
EM Econ standing to EM outcome 0.09 [0.03, 0.15] −0.09 [−0.15, −0.02] −0.23 [−0.29, −0.17]
Educational attainment
Secondary education −0.07 [−0.14, 0.01] 0.03 [−0.04, 0.11] 0.05 [−0.02, 0.12]
Vocational education −0.04 [−0.12, 0.04] 0.01 [−0.08, 0.09] 0.02 [−0.05, 0.10]
Masers or doctorate −0.03 [−0.11, 0.05] 0.02 [−0.06, 0.10] 0.03 [−0.05, 0.11]
Employment
Stay at home −0.02 [−0.08, 0.05] −0.00 [−0.06, 0.07] 0.02 [−0.04, 0.08]
Student 0.04 [−0.02, 0.11] 0.00 [−0.07, 0.06] 0.00 [−0.06, 0.06]
Unemployed −0.01 [−0.07, 0.05] 0.02 [−0.04, 0.09] 0.03 [−0.03, 0.08]
EM cigarette use −0.07 [−0.13, −0.01] 0.00 [−0.06, 0.06] −0.08 [−0.14, −0.02]
EM other drug use −0.11 [−0.17, −0.05] 0.04 [−0.02, 0.10] −0.07 [−0.13, −0.01]

Note: AUI, Alcohol Use Index; YA, Young Adult; EM, Early Midlife; Alc Prob, Alcohol Problems; Econ, Economic. Bolded values indicate p < 0.05.