Skip to main content
. 2022 Sep 19;46(9):1695–1709. doi: 10.1111/acer.14911

TABLE 1.

Descriptives of baseline covariates and baseline effect modifiers among mothers and youth, by treatment group

Mothers Youth
Low poverty treatment group (N = 1500) Voucher‐only treatment group (N = 700) Control Group (N = 1100) All Mothers Test for imbalance p‐value Low poverty treatment group (N = 2000) Voucher‐only treatment group (N = 1500) Control group (N = 1600) All Youth Test for imbalance p‐value
Mother baseline effect modifiers (vulnerabilities)
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) 0.765 0.736 0.765 0.757 0.3675 0.818 0.815 0.816 0.817 0.9841
Household member was victim of violent crime past 6 months 0.429 0.412 0.412 0.419 0.6777 0.426 0.43 0.411 0.422 0.7917
Streets very unsafe at night 0.497 0.521 0.514 0.51 0.5944 0.5 0.541 0.495 0.51 0.2368
Very dissatisfied with neighborhood 0.473 0.473 0.462 0.47 0.8674 0.479 0.507 0.461 0.481 0.2902
Mother enrolled in school 0.155 0.168 0.162 0.161 0.8081 0.164 0.188 0.181 0.176 0.5117
Mother never married 0.632 0.636 0.648 0.638 0.7418 0.661 0.673 0.69 0.674 0.5121
Mother had first child before age 18 0.235 0.265 0.233 0.243 0.3702 0.273 0.303 0.277 0.283 0.4953
Mother employed 0.262 0.262 0.236 0.254 0.3246 0.228 0.2 0.203 0.212 0.3489
Child baseline effect modifiers (vulnerabilities)
Current health problems require medicine or equipment 0.153 0.182 0.16 0.163 0.3121 0.076 0.086 0.076 0.184 0.6432
Behavioral or emotional problems past 2 years 0.101 0.125 0.103 0.108 0.2695 0.019 0.024 0.024 0.104 0.6316
Learning problem past 2 years 0.189 0.245 0.209 0.211 0.0342 0.039 0.057 0.054 0.199 0.0624
Current health problems that limit activity 0.122 0.144 0.124 0.129 0.3974 0.054 0.051 0.051 0.143 0.8881
Suspended or expelled from school past 2 years 0.144 0.15 0.13 0.141 0.5029 0.012 0.017 0.013 0.114 0.4843
School called about behavior in past 2 years 0.287 0.316 0.293 0.297 0.4755 0.074 0.087 0.076 0.273 0.5425
Baseline covariates
MTO study site
Baltimore 0.134 0.14 0.135 0.136 0.999 0.119 0.149 0.121 0.128 0.5909
Boston 0.201 0.207 0.205 0.204 0.181 0.179 0.188 0.183
Chicago 0.205 0.209 0.205 0.206 0.233 0.235 0.226 0.231
Los Angeles 0.233 0.214 0.226 0.225 0.26 0.216 0.23 0.238
New York 0.227 0.23 0.229 0.229 0.207 0.221 0.235 0.22
Parent had a car 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.183 0.4475 0.201 0.193 0.168 0.188 0.2709
Household member had a disability 0.145 0.168 0.148 0.152 0.4458 0.137 0.142 0.15 0.143 0.7714
No teenagers in the home 0.608 0.61 0.646 0.621 0.1669 0.759 0.729 0.768 0.754 0.2571
Household size
Two 0.223 0.21 0.194 0.21 0.5163 0.097 0.081 0.075 0.086 0.2957
Three 0.302 0.291 0.33 0.308 0.248 0.236 0.257 0.247
Four 0.233 0.238 0.221 0.231 0.272 0.261 0.242 0.259
Five or more 0.242 0.261 0.255 0.251 0.383 0.422 0.426 0.408
Mother wanted to move to escape drugs/gangs 0.786 0.749 0.779 0.773 0.2308 0.771 0.757 0.768 0.766 0.8247
Mother wanted to move for better schools 0.491 0.553 0.481 0.505 0.0192 0.52 0.576 0.494 0.527 0.0166
Mother felt sure they would find an apartment 0.477 0.499 0.456 0.477 0.2757 0.49 0.537 0.477 0.499 0.100
Mother moved more than three times in past 5 years 0.093 0.09 0.108 0.097 0.4103 0.103 0.11 0.123 0.112 0.5339
Mother previously applied for Section 8 voucher 0.4 0.379 0.426 0.402 0.1809 0.36 0.361 0.425 0.382 0.0231
Mother lived in neighbhorhood for 5 years or more 0.599 0.616 0.606 0.606 0.7998 0.536 0.57 0.569 0.557 0.3512
Mother chats with neighbor at least once/week 0.524 0.486 0.549 0.521 0.0669 0.521 0.529 0.532 0.527 0.9072
Mother would talk to neighbor if child got in trouble 0.556 0.521 0.555 0.546 0.3644 0.555 0.535 0.558 0.55 0.7042
Mother had no family in neighborhood 0.64 0.611 0.639 0.631 0.483 0.65 0.609 0.65 0.638 0.2501
Mother had no friends in neighborhood 0.396 0.4 0.409 0.401 0.8442 0.391 0.411 0.408 0.402 0.7125
Baseline age 32.86 33.11 32.84 32.9 0.8161 4.553 4.729 4.706 4.7 0.1572
Mother had GED 0.159 0.183 0.199 0.179 0.049 0.151 0.187 0.219 0.184 0.0431
Mother graduated from highschool 0.381 0.347 0.361 0.365 0.357 0.351 0.34 0.35
Flag for missing 0.053 0.072 0.074 0.065 0.058 0.059 0.074 0.063
Race/ethnicity
Black 0.648 0.629 0.66 0.646 0.6782 0.666 0.66 0.659 0.662 0.7598
Other 0.283 0.283 0.27 0.279 0.279 0.265 0.273 0.273
Hispanic 0.314 0.34 0.304 0.303 0.304 0.31
Gender
Male 0.012 0.022 0.022 0.018 0.1809 0.012 0.025 0.018 0.018 0.2422
Female 0.988 0.978 0.978 0.982 0.8191 0.988 0.975 0.982 0.982 0.7578
Additional youth‐only covariates
Gender
Male 0.483 0.488 0.513 0.495 0.224
Female 0.517 0.512 0.487 0.505 0.776
Child hospitalized before age 1 0.104 0.107 0.116 0.109 0.6545
Flag for missing 0.032 0.031 0.04 0.034 0.4418
Child weighed less than 6 pounds at birth 0.076 0.086 0.086 0.082 0.5825
Flag for missing 0.048 0.072 0.052 0.056 0.1139
Parent read to child more than once a day 0.147 0.123 0.161 0.145 0.0976
Flag for missing 0.059 0.055 0.05 0.055 0.6571
Gifted student or did advanced coursework 0.047 0.053 0.058 0.052 0.4251
Flag for missing 0.033 0.025 0.034 0.031 0.2994
Flag for Missing: Current health problems that limit activity 0.066 0.076 0.064 0.068 0.606
Flag for Missing: Learning problem past 2 years 0.024 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.2626
Flag for Missing: Suspended or expelled from school past 2 years 0.022 0.022 0.028 0.024 0.6404
Flag for Missing: School called about behavior in past 2 years 0.054 0.067 0.067 0.062 0.2705

Note: Means are weighted to account for survey design and family clustering.

Sample sizes are rounded according to FSRDC rounding rules.

All results were approved for release by the U.S. Census Bureau, authorization numbers CBDRB‐FY20‐ERD002‐008 and CBDRB‐FY21‐ERD003‐009.