Table 2.
Mean differences, standard deviaton (SD) and p-values for the differences in step length, walking speed, sideway deviation and walk ratio between the different walking conditions and surfaces, N = 10
| Walk upslope1 | Walk downslope1 | Walk on gravel1 | Walk on bitumen1 | Rollator walk upslope | Rollator walk downslope | Rollator walk on gravel | Rollator walk on bitumen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step length in cm | ||||||||
| Walk upslope | 2.31 (5.74) 0.24 | 1.16 (3.56) 0.33 | 1.09 (3.79) 0.39 | 1.17 (9.00) 0.69 | 7.50 (6.09) 0.01 | 0.95 (6.85) 0.67 | 4.45 (0.09) 0.68 | |
| Walk downslope | 2.31 (5.74) 0.24 | 1.14 (3.58) 0.34 | 1.21 (3.79) 0.34 | 3.47 (8.74) 0.24 | 5.20 (5.44) 0.01 | 1.35 (4.24) 0.34 | 2.15 (5.28) 0.23 | |
| Walk on gravel | 1.16 (3.56) 0.33 | 1.14 (3.58) 0.34 | 0.08 (3.03) 0.94 | 1.14 (3.58) 0.39 | 6.33 (6.41) 0.12 | 0.21 (5.49) 0.91 | 3.29 (6.26) 0.13 | |
| Walk on bitumen | 1.09 (3.79) 0.39 | 1.21 (3.79) 0.34 | 0.08 (3.03) 0.94 | 2.26 (9.18) 0.45 | 6.41 (6.00) 0.01 | 0.13 (5.13) 0.94 | 3.36 (5.63) 0.09 | |
| Rollator walk upslope | 1.17 (9.00) 0.69 | 3.47 (8.74) 0.24 | 2.34 (8.14) 0.39 | 2.26 (9.18) 0.45 | 8.67 (7.47) 0.01 | 2.13 (6.26) 0.31 | 5.62 (6.60) 0.25 | |
| Rollator walk downslope | 7.50 (6.09) 0.01 | 5.20 (5.44) 0.01 | 6.33 (6.41) 0.12 | 6.41 (6.00) 0.01 | 8.67 (7.47) 0.01 |
6.54 (5.22) ≤ 0.00 |
3.05 (4.40) 0.06 | |
| Rollator walk on gravel | 0.95 (6.85) 0.67 | 1.35 (4.24) 0.34 | 0.21 (5.49) 0.91 | 0.13 (5.13) 0.94 | 2.13 (6.26) 0.31 |
6.54 (5.22) ≤ 0.00 |
3.49 (2.08) ≤ 0.00 |
|
| Rollator walk on bitumen | 4.45 (0.09) 0.68 | 2.15 (5.28) 0.23 | 3.29 (6.26) 0.13 | 3.36 (5.63) 0.09 | 5.62 (6.60) 0.25 | 3.05 (4.40) 0.06 |
3.49 (2.08) ≤ 0.00 |
|
| Walking speed in m/s | ||||||||
| Walk upslope | 0.01 (0.09) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.06) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.06) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.12 (0.15) 0.91 | 0.01 (0.15) 1.00 | 0.07 (0.15) 1.00 | |
| Walk downslope | 0.01 (0.09) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.08) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.07) 1.00 | 0.03 (0.18) 1.00 | 0.11 (0.13) 0.62 | 0.00 (0.18) 1.00 | 0.06 (0.13) 1.00 | |
| Walk on gravel | 0.02 (0.06) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.08) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.06) 1.00 | 0.04 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.04 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.15) 1.00 | 0.05 (0.16) 1.00 | |
| Walk on bitumen | 0.01 (0.06) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.07) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.06) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.12 (0.15) 0.91 | 0.01 (0.13) 1.00 | 0.07 (0.14) 1.00 | |
| Rollator walk upslope | 0.02 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.03 (0.18) 1.00 | 0.04 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.02 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.14 (0.14) 0.34 | 0.03 (0.12) 1.00 | 0.09 (0.11) 0.74 | |
| Rollator walk downslope | 0.12 (0.15) 0.91 | 0.11 (0.13) 0.62 | 0.10 (0.17) 1.00 | 0.12 (0.15) 0.91 | 0.14 (0.14) 0.34 | 0.11 (0.11) 0.37 | 0.05 (0.09) 1.00 | |
| Rollator walk on gravel | 0.01 (0.15) 1.00 | 0.00 (0.18) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.15) 1.00 | 0.01 (0.13) 1.00 |
0.03 (0.12) 1.00 |
0.11 (0.11) 0.37 | 0.06 (0.04) 0.03 | |
| Rollator walk on bitumen | 0.07 (0.15) 1.00 | 0.06 (0.13) 1.00 | 0.05 (0.16) 1.00 | 0.07 (0.14) 1.00 | 0.09 (0.11) 0.74 | 0.05 (0.09) 1.00 |
0.06 (0.04) 0.03 |
|
| Sideway deviation/g* | ||||||||
| Walk upslope | 0.01 (0.02) 0.43 | 0.01 (0.01) 0.23 | 0.00 (0.01) 0.54 | 0.00 (0.02) 0.57 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.24 | 0.00 (0.02) 0.61 | 0.00 (0.03) 0.76 | |
| Walk downslope | 0.01 (0.02) 0.43 |
0.02 (0.01) ≤ 0.00 |
0.00 (0.01) ≤ 0.00 |
0.02 (0.03) 0.62 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.49 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.02 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.11 | |
| Walk on gravel | 0.01 (0.01) 0.23 |
0.02 (0.01) ≤ 0.00 |
0.01 (0.01) 0.01 |
0.00 (0.02) 0.65 | 0.02 (0.03) 0.57 | 0.00 (0.02) 0.48 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.25 | |
| Walk on bitumen | 0.00 (0.01) 0.54 |
0.00 (0.01) ≤ 0.00 |
0.01 (0.01) ≤ 0.00 |
0.01 (0.01) 0.40 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.25 | 0.01 (0.01) 0.33 | 0.00 (0.00) 0.95 | |
| Rollator walk upslope | 0.00 (0.02) 0.57 | 0.02 (0.03) 0.62 | 0.00 (0.02) 0.65 | 0.01 (0.01) 0.40 | 0.13 (0.02) 0.05 | 0.00 (0.01) 0.75 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.30 | |
| Rollator walk downslope | 0.01 (0.02) 0.24 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.49 | 0.02 (0.03) 0.57 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.25 | 0.13 (0.02) 0.05 | 0.01 (0.14) 0.02 | 0.01 (0.01) 0.15 | |
| Rollator walk on gravel | 0.00 (0.02) 0.61 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.02 | 0.00 (0.02) 0.48 | 0.01 (0.01) 0.33 | 0.00 (0.01) 0.75 | 0.01 (0.14) 0.02 | 0.00 (0.01) 0.23 | |
| Rollator walk on bitumen | 0.00 (0.03) 0.76 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.11 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.25 | 0.00 (0.00) 0.95 | 0.01 (0.02) 0.30 | 0.01 (0.01) 0.15 | 0.00 (0.01) 0.23 | |
| Walk ratio mm/steps/min | ||||||||
| Walk upslope | 3.85 (6.17) 0.08 | 1.39 (4.05) 0.31 | 1.96 (4.41) 0.19 | 1.40 (9.36) 0.65 | 3.84 (6.17) ≤ 0.00 | 1.19 (6.79) 0.59 | 4.41 (6.12) 0.05 | |
| Walk downslope | 3.85 (6.17) 0.08 | 2.46 (3.19) 0.04 | 1.89 (3.95) 0.16 | 5.25 (7.87) 0.06 | 3.82 (3.79) 0.01 | 2.65 (3.31) 0.03 | 1.89 (3.95) 0.59 | |
| Walk on gravel | 1.39 (4.05) 0.37 | 2.46 (3.19) 0.04 | 0.57 (2.93) 0.55 | 2.79 (7.46) 0.27 | 6.29 (3.61) ≤ 0.00 | 0.88 (3.60) 0.87 | 3.02 (3.63) 0.03 | |
| Walk on bitumen | 1.96 (4.41) 0.19 | 1.89 (3.95) 0.16 | 0.57 (2.93) 0.55 | 3.36 (8.87) 0.26 | 5.71 (4.17) 0.02 | 0.57 (2.93) 0.61 | 2.49 (4.25) 0.09 | |
| Rollator walk upslope | 1.40 (9.36) 0.65 | 5.25 (7.87) 0.06 | 2.79 (7.46) 0.27 | 3.36 (8.87) 0.26 |
9.07 (7.20) ≤ 0.00 |
2.59 (5.81) 0.19 | 5.85 (6.73) 0.02 | |
| Rollator walk downslope | 3.84 (6.17) ≤ 0.00 | 3.82 (3.79) 0.01 | 6.29 (3.61) ≤ 0.00 | 5.71 (4.17) 0.02 | 9.07 (7.20) 0.03 | 6.48 (4.59) 0.01 | 3.22 (3.51) 0.02 | |
| Rollator walk on gravel | 1.19 (6.79) 0.59 | 2.65 (3.31) 0.03 | 0.88 (3.60) 0.87 | 0.57 (2.93) 0.61 | 2.59 (5.81) 0.19 | 6.48 (4.59) ≤ 0.00 | 3.26 (2.36) ≤ 0.00 | |
| Rollator walk on bitumen | 4.41 (6.12) 0.05 | 1.89 (3.95) 0.59 | 3.02 (3.63) 0.03 | 2.49 (4.25) 0.09 | 5.85 (6.73) 0.02 | 3.22 (3.51) 0.02 | 3.26 (2.36) ≤ 0.00 | |
P-value calculated by repeated measures two-way ANOVA. Statistically significant p-values are displayed in bold
*g gravitational acceleration
1Mean diff (SD)