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. 2022 Sep 24;13:484. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-03174-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Macrophages from the kidney of MRL/lpr mice were polarized to a unique anti-inflammatory phenotype by exosomes from BMMSCs. Pan macrophages were sorted from the kidney of MRL/lpr mice (10 mice) then treated with 50 µg/ml exosomes from BMMSCs for 48 h in vitro (SLE + Exo), PBS treatment was used as control (SLE). A and BThe phenotype of exosome-treated macrophage were evaluated. Surface markers CD86 and CD206 (A) or B7H4 and CD138 (B) were checked by using flow cytometry. C Macrophage intracellular markers, iNOS and Arg-1 were examined by using immunoblotting. GAPDH was used as a control. Dand EThe level of CCL20 (D) or pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (E) in the conditioned medium (CdM) of exosome-treated macrophage were detected by ELISA. F The ROS level of the macrophages. G The efferocytosis of pHrodo Red-labeled apoptotic TCMK-1 cells by the macrophages. H Naïve T cells were treated with CdM of macrophages. The percentage of Fox3p⁺ induced Treg (iTreg) was checked by flow cytometry. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of n = 4, unless specified. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. IC, isotype control