Table 3.

PICO and effects of the included SRs/MAs

1st author (year)	Intervention	Control	PSQI	Secondary outcomes
				ISI	AIS	SOL	TST	WASO	NOA	SE
SR and MA
	Acupuncture
Cao (2009) [25]	Acupressure	Western medication	P				P
Cheuk (2012) [26]	G1: Acupuncture alone G2: Acupuncture alone G3: Acupuncture adjunctive to other treatment G4: Acupuncture adjunctive to other treatment	G1: NT G2: Placebo or sham treatment G3: Other treatment alone G4: Placebo or sham treatment adjunctive to other treatment	P	P	P	P	P	P		P
Yeung (2012) [27]	Acupressure	Sham acupressure	P		P
Lan (2015) [28]	G1: Auricular acupuncture G2: Auricular acupuncture	G1: Sham or placebo G2: Medications comparison	P			P	P		P	P
Lee (2016) [30]	Acupressure	Drugs, Sham AT	P	P	P
Shergis (2016) [31]	Acupuncture	Sham/placebo, standard pharmacotherapy	P		N
Choi (2017) [21]	G1: Acupuncture G2: Acupuncture G3: Acupuncture	G1: Sham Acupuncture G2: Conventional drug G3: Hormone therapy	P
Dong (2017) [24]	G1: Acupuncture G2: Acupuncture combined with western medicine G3: Electroacupuncture	G1: Western medicine G2: Single medicine G3: Sham or placebo acupuncture	pP
Huang (2017) [16]	G1: Acupuncture and/or moxibustion G2: Acupuncture and/or moxibustion combined with western medication or oral Chinese medicine	G1: Common therapies (western drugs, sham acupuncture, oral Chinese medicine) G2: Same western medication or oral Chinese medicine	P
Cao (2019) [33]	Acupuncture	NT, sham acupuncture, conventional therapy, western medication	P		P	P
Liu (2019) [20]	Acupuncture	Sham acupuncture or conventional drugs	P
Zhao (2019) [18]	G1: APT G2: APT	G1: Western medications G2: Sham APT and NT	P
Kim (2019) [17]	Acupressure	Medications	P
Liu (2020) [38]	Acupuncture	Sham acupuncture	P	P			N	N		P
Zhang (2020) [41]	Acupuncture	Sham/placebo acupuncture or WL	P	P		N	P	P		P
Zhao (2020) [22]	Auricular acupressure	Any type of control group (including conventional western medicine, routine nursing, or blank control)	P
	Mind and body practices
Rubio-Arias (2017) [32]	Exercise	Non-exercising controls	P	P
Feng (2019) [19]	Tui Na	Estazolam	pP
Wang (2019) [34]	Meditation, tai chi, qigong, and yoga, alone or in combination	Inactive (TAU or WL) and active (pharmacotherapy and CBT) control	P	P		U	P	N		U
Wang (2020) [40]	Mindfulness-based interventions	NT, WL, pharmacotherapy, SHE	P				P			N
	Natural products
Ni (2015) [29]	CHM, CHM combined with conventional therapies	Placebo, BZDs, non-BZDs, psychotherapy such as CBT and SHE	P		U	P	P			P
Zhang (2019) [35]	Chinese herbal medicine (CHM)	Placebo	P		P	P	P			P
Birling (2020) [36]	Zao Ren An Shen (ZRAS)	Conventional treatments, a placebo or no-treatment	pP			U	P
Li (2020) [37]	TCM Yangxin Anshen Therapy (TYAT)	Placebo, BDZs	pP			P	P	N		P
Wang (2020) [39]	Chaihu Longgu Muli decoction (CLMD) monotherapy or CLMD plus conventional treatment	Placebo, NT, or conventional medicine	P				P
SR
	Acupuncture
Yeung (2009) [42]	Traditional needle acupuncture (TNA)	Placebo, western medication, non-treated controls	P	P	P					U
Sarris (2011) [43]	Acupuncture, acupressure	Sham, western medicine	pP	U
Wang (2017) [44]	HT7 stimulation	No HT7 stimulation, sham	P		P
	Mind and body practices
Lowe (2019) [45]	Tai chi, exercise	A suitable, non-physically active control condition (i.e., non-/other intervention, WL)	pP	P	P	U	U	U		U
	Natural products
Sarris (2011) [43]	Tryptophan, Valerian, Kava	Placebo, diphenhydramine (active control)		U		U	U		U	U
Xie (2013) [23]	Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) as a monotherapy or as an adjunct therapy to conventional medicine	Conventional medicine (BDZ), placebo, or NT	P

Abbreviations: MA, meta-analysis; SR, systematic review; P, positive result; pP, partially positive result; N, negative result; U, uncertain result; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; APT, auricular plaster therapy; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset; NOA, number of awakenings; SE, sleep efficiency; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CHM, Chinese herbal medicine; EC, education control; C, control group; NR, non-reported; NT, no treatment; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SHE, sleep hygiene education; TAU, treatment as usual; WL, wait list control.