Table 2.
Effect of In-Laboratory Sleep Restriction on Morning, Afternoon and 24-h Cortisol
| Study |
Subjects (n) |
Age (yrs.) Mean ± SD; BMI (Kg/m2) Mean ± SD |
Study Design |
SLEEP OPPORTUNITY | Cortisol Measurement Frequency and Duration | Results of Cortisol Levels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CONTROL # Of Days x Hours/day |
SLEEP RESTRICTION # Of Days x Hours/day |
||||||||||
| Days | Hours | Days | Hours | AM | PM | 24 HR | |||||
| Liu et al. [40] |
17 M “Young men” |
24.1 ± 2.9; | Randomized order | 1 |
8 2200–0600 |
1 | 0 |
Q10 min × 24 Hrs 1800- 1800 |
⬌ | ⬌ | ⬌ |
|
Median 25 (IQR 22.9–27.5) |
0600–0900 | 1500–1800 | |||||||||
|
18 M “Older men” |
63.9 ± 4.0; | Randomized order | 1 |
8 2200–0600 |
1 | 0 |
Q10 min × 24 Hrs 1800–1800 |
⬌ | ⬆ | ⬌ | |
|
Median 29.5 (IQR 26.4–31.7) |
0600–0900 | 1500–1800 | |||||||||
| Broussard et al. [78] | 19 M | 23.5 ± 3.1; | Randomized order | 4 |
8.5 2300–0730 |
4 |
4.5 0100–0530 |
Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 2130 – 2130 |
NR | ⬆ | NR |
| 23.4 ± 1.7 |
1900–2130 2300–0100 |
||||||||||
| Nedeltcheva et al. [79] |
6 M 5 F |
39 ± 5; | Randomized order | 14 |
8.5 2315- ~0740 |
14 |
5.5 ~ 0030- ~ 0600 |
Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 2000 – 2000 |
⬌ | ⬆ | ⬌ |
| Sedentary | 26.5 ± 1.5 | AM peak Cortisol | 2000–2200 | ||||||||
| Leproult and Van Cauter [41] | 10 M |
24.3 ± 4.3; 23.5 ± 2.4 |
Fixed order | 3 |
10 2200–0800 |
8 |
5 0030–0530 |
Q15-30 min × 24 Hrs 1400 – 1400 |
NR | NR | ⬌ |
| Vgontzas et al. [80] |
12 M 13 F |
M: 25.6 ± 4.1; 24.6 ± 1.5 F: 24.8 ± 3.4; 23.1 ± 2.7 |
Fixed order | 4 |
8 2230–0630 |
8 |
6 2230–0430 |
Q30 min × 24 Hrs 0800 – 0730 |
⬇ AM peak Cortisol |
⬌ | ⬌ |
| Wright et al. [57] |
14 M 3 F |
31.7 ± 6.1; NR |
Fixed order | 6 |
8 (Habitual sleep) |
1 | 0 |
Q30 min × 24 Hrs 2400 – 2400 |
⬆ 0900–1100 |
⬆ 1300, 1600 |
⬆ |
| Pejovic et al. [81] |
16 M 14 F |
24.7 ± 3.5; 23.6 ± 2.4 |
Fixed order | 4 |
8 2230–0630 |
6 |
6 2230–0430 |
Q1 Hr. × 24 Hrs 0800 –0800 |
⬇ AM peak cortisol |
⬌ | ⬌ |
| Ackermann et al. [82] | 12 M |
23 ± 5; NR |
Fixed order | 1 |
8 2300–0700 |
1 | 0 |
Q1Hr. × 24 Hrs 1200 – 1200 |
NR | NR | ⬌ |
| Benedict et al. [83] | 14 M |
22.6 ± 3.0; 23.9 ± 1.9 |
Randomized balanced order | 1 |
8 2300–630-0700 |
1 | 0 |
1800, 2100, then Q90 min 2400 – 0900, Q60 min 1000 –1300, then 1500 & 1800 |
⬇ 0730 ⬆ 0900 |
⬆ 1200, 1500 |
⬆ |
| Axelsson et al. [84] | 9 M |
Range 23–28; Range 21–26 |
Fixed order | 2 |
8 2300–0700 |
5 |
4 0300–0700 |
Q1 Hrs 2300 – 0800, then Q3 Hrs 0800 – 2300 |
NR |
⬆ 2000 |
⬌ |
| Simpson et al. [9] |
8 M 8 F |
24.9 ± 4.4; 24.8 ± 3.2 |
Randomized balanced order | 5 |
8 2300–0700 |
5 |
4 0300–0700 |
Q2 Hrs. × 24 Hrs 2330 – 2130 |
⬆ 0730 |
⬌ | NR |
| Dattilo et al. [42] |
10 M Undergoing strenuous exercise |
24.5 ± 2.9; 22.7 ± 2.3 |
Randomized order | 2 |
8 2300–0700 |
2 | 0 |
Q2 Hrs. × 24 Hrs 1900–1900 |
NR | NR | ⬆ |
BMI body mass index, F females, Hrs. hours, IQR interquartile range, Kg kilogram, m meter, M males, Min minutes, NR not reported, Q every, SD standard deviation, SR sleep restriction, Wk. week, Yrs. years
# - number, ⬌ - No Change, ⬇ - Decreased, ⬆ - Increased