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. 2022 Sep 23;88(6):767–786. doi: 10.1007/s12562-022-01630-0

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Japanese Society of Fisheries Science 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 5 — Dumbbell plots showing farm total unit labor costs before and after COVID-19. In these plots, the horizonal lines represent farms that have decreased the total wage bill. A hollow circle with a dot represents a farm that reduced staff numbers to zero post-COVID-19 and therefore had a 100% drop in unit labor costs