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. 2022 Sep 12;13:916714. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.916714

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Copyright © 2022 Ferrer-Mallol, Matthews, Stoodley, Gaeta, George, Reuben, Johnson and Davies.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Area formed by the shoulders, elbows and wrists (left plot) over the duration of a video from five participants: (A) participant 1 (age 7), (B) participant 2 (age 13), (C) participant 8 (age 10), (D) participant 10 (age 15) and (E) control participant (age 9). Orange ovals show the part of the video where the hands are on the head. A larger value (between 0.8 and 1) illustrates that the elbows are open and wide. When the elbows are pointed forwards, the normalised area is smaller. Plotting the area formed by the right arm and left arm (the four-sided shape joining the shoulder, elbow, wrist and neck) illustrates the symmetry of movement (right plot). In both plots, the area is normalised to the area between the arms in the initial resting position. Participant 10 (D) lifted the right arm first, followed by the left arm. This lack of symmetry is evident in the right-hand plot.