TABLE 1.
Characteristics of 254 hospitalised COVID-19 patients according to mortality at 28 days or to cluster assignment
| Characteristic | Died at 28 days | Recovered# | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | Cluster 6 |
| Subjects n or n (%) | 45 | 209 | 51 (20.1) | 21 (8.3) | 35 (13.8) | 15 (5.9) | 82 (32.3) | 50 (19.7) |
| Age | ||||||||
| Mean±sd years****; ++ | 81.6±8.1 | 69.7±14 | 75.3±14.0 | 77.0±11.1 | 74.2±11.1 | 71.8±15.4 | 70.0±15.6 | 67.5±11.8 |
| Distribution n (%)****; + | ||||||||
| <70 years | 5 (11) | 93 (44) | 14 (27) | 5 (24) | 10 (29) | 5 (33) | 34 (41) | 30 (60) |
| 70 to 79 years | 12 (27) | 58 (28) | 13 (25) | 6 (29) | 12 (34) | 5 (33) | 22 (27) | 12 (24) |
| ≥80 years | 28 (62) | 58 (28) | 24 (47) | 10 (48) | 13 (37) | 5 (33) | 26 (32) | 8 (16) |
| Male sex n (%) | 28 (62) | 110 (53) | 23 (45) | 15 (71) | 24 (69) | 10 (67) | 43 (52) | 23 (46) |
| World Health Organization severity ordinal scale [21] at admission n (%)**** | ||||||||
| Ordinal scale 2 | 7 (16) | 114 (55) | 23 (45) | 5 (24) | 13 (37) | 9 (60) | 44 (54) | 27 (54) |
| Ordinal scale 3 | 38 (84) | 95 (45) | 28 (55) | 16 (76) | 22 (63) | 6 (40) | 38 (46) | 23 (46) |
| Previous coexisting disease n (%) | ||||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 15 (33) | 58 (28) | 15 (29) | 8 (38) | 9 (26) | 4 (27) | 27 (33) | 10 (20) |
| Hypertension | 28 (62) | 124 (59) | 34 (67) | 12 (57) | 25 (71) | 8 (53) | 45 (55) | 28 (56) |
| Heart disease (excluding hypertension) | 19 (42) | 74 (35) | 20 (39) | 13 (62) | 12 (34) | 4 (27) | 31 (38) | 13 (26) |
| Chronic lung disease¶ | 8 (18) | 51 (24) | 12 (24) | 5 (24) | 7 (20) | 4 (27) | 20 (24) | 11 (22) |
| Rheumatic diseases+ | 3 (7) | 9 (4) | 7 (14) | 1 (5) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 2 (4) |
| Cancer | 7 (16) | 22 (11) | 7 (14) | 5 (24) | 2 (6) | 2 (13) | 7 (9) | 6 (12) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (13) | 9 (4) | 4 (8) | 3 (14) | 4 (11) | 1 (7) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Number of coexisting diseases n (%) | ||||||||
| None | 3 (7) | 38 (18) | 4 (8) | 0 (0) | 5 (14) | 3 (20) | 15 (18) | 14 (28) |
| One | 18 (40) | 65 (31) | 18 (35) | 6 (29) | 12 (34) | 6 (40) | 24 (29) | 17 (34) |
| Two or more | 24 (53) | 106 (51) | 29 (57) | 15 (71) | 18 (51) | 6 (40) | 43 (52) | 19 (38) |
| Body mass index n (%) ƒ | ||||||||
| ≥30.0 | 10 (22) | 82 (39) | 16 (31) | 9 (43) | 7 (20) | 8 (53) | 28 (34) | 24 (48) |
| Missing data | 20 (31) | 14 (10) | 9 (18) | 1 (5) | 8 (23) | 1 (7) | 13 (16) | 2 (4) |
| Treated with glucocorticoids n (%) § | 24 (53) | 134 (64) | 29 (57) | 14 (67) | 23 (66) | 7 (47) | 46 (56) | 39 (78) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation n (%)*** | 8 (18) | 7 (3) | 7 (14) | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 2 (4) |
| Died at 28 days n (%)++++ | 23 (45) | 8 (38) | 7 (20) | 3 (20) | 3 (4) | 1 (2) | ||
| Median time (IQR) in days in hospital/to death or discharge++++ | 9 (7) | 8 (7) | 8 (8) | 10 (9) | 13 (8) | 12 (13) | 7 (5) | 6 (6) |
#: recovered to hospital discharge – there was a significant difference between patients who had died and recovered (*−****), and/or clusters (+–++++), but there were no significant differences between the groups in any other characteristics; ¶ : chronic lung disease was defined as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma or chronic bronchitis; ƒ: BMI is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres; §: the decision to prescribe medications was at the discretion of the treatment team for each patient. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001; Clusters C1–C6: +p<0.05; ++p<0.01; +++p<0.001; ++++p<0.0001.