TABLE 1.
Basic characteristics of participants by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in NHANES 2003–2006.
| Variables | Non-NAFLD (n = 1325) | With NAFLD (n = 969) | Total (n = 2294) | P-value |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 650 (49.1) | 341 (35.2) | 991 (43.2) | |
| Male | 675 (50.9) | 628 (64.8) | 1303 (56.8) | |
| Age (years) | 49 (34, 67) | 54 (40, 67) | 51 (36, 67) | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.431 | |||
| Mexican American | 178 (13.4) | 154 (15.9) | 332 (14.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 225 (17) | 158 (16.3) | 383 (16.7) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 847 (63.9) | 603 (62.2) | 1450 (63.2) | |
| Other | 75 (5.7) | 54 (5.6) | 129 (5.6) | |
| FIPR | 3.3 (1.7, 5) | 3 (1.6, 5) | 3.2 (1.7, 5) | 0.082 |
| Missing | 49 (3.7%) | 37 (3.8%) | 86 (3.7%) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.006 | |||
| College or above | 828 (62.5) | 542 (55.9) | 1370 (59.7) | |
| High school or equivalent | 277 (20.9) | 236 (24.4) | 513 (22.4) | |
| Less than high school | 219 (16.5) | 191 (19.7) | 410 (17.9) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.0%) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 980 (74.2) | 518 (53.8) | 1498 (65.6) | |
| Yes | 341 (25.8) | 444 (46.2) | 785 (34.4) | |
| Missing | 4 (0.3%) | 7 (0.7%) | 11 (0.5%) | |
| High cholesterol, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 620 (62.2) | 389 (48.9) | 1009 (56.3) | |
| Yes | 376 (37.8) | 407 (51.1) | 783 (43.7) | |
| Missing | 329 (24.8%) | 173 (17.9%) | 502 (21.9%) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1259 (95.8) | 806 (85.3) | 2065 (91.4) | |
| Yes | 55 (4.2) | 139 (14.7) | 194 (8.6) | |
| Missing | 11 (0.8%) | 24 (2.5%) | 35 (1.5%) | |
| VA (μmol/L) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.6) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 11 (0.8%) | 8 (0.8%) | 19 (0.8%) | |
| VE (μmol/L) | 27.9 (22.3, 35.8) | 30.1 (24.1, 40.6) | 28.7 (22.9, 37.8) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 11 (0.8%) | 16 (1.7%) | 27 (1.2%) | |
| VD (μmol/L) | 62.4 (48.3, 75.3) | 56.8 (42.2, 68.9) | 59.2 (45.9, 72.9) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (0.2%) | |
| VC (μmol/L) | 63.0 (48.3, 77.2) | 51.7 (34, 67.7) | 59.1 (41.4, 73.8) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 7 (0.5%) | 5 (0.5%) | 12 (0.5%) | |
| VB6 (μmol/L) | 53.3 (29.2, 93.1) | 43.6 (26.9, 77) | 49.5 (27.9, 85.7) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 41 (3.1%) | 26 (2.7%) | 67 (2.9%) | |
| VB12 (μmol/L) | 366.0 (279.3, 493.0) | 331.0 (250.2, 439.3) | 352.0 (265.7, 467.3) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 17 (1.3%) | 13 (1.3%) | 30 (1.3%) | |
| VB9 (μmol/L) | 30.8 (22, 41.7) | 26.7 (19, 39.2) | 29 (20.6, 40.6) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 8 (0.6%) | 11 (1.1%) | 19 (0.8%) |
FIPR, family income-poverty ratio; VA, vitamin A; VE, vitamin E; VC, vitamin C; VD, vitamin D; VB6, vitamin B6, VB12, vitamin B12; VB9, vitamin B9. P-values were calculated by Rao–Scott chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.