TABLE 3.
Multi-variate adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) of risks of NAFLD in relation to serum vitamins levels among participants in NHANES 2003–2006.
| Variables | The range of serum vitamin levels (μ mol/L) | Model 1 | P-value | Model 2 | P-value | Model 3 | P-value |
| VA | 0.34–4.78 | ||||||
| Q1 | 0.34–1.72 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 1.72–2.07 | 1.614 (1.239, 2.103) | 0.001 | 1.441 (1.097, 1.892) | 0.017 | 1.35 (0.932, 1.955) | 0.132 |
| Q3 | 2.07–2.45 | 1.619 (1.217, 2.155) | 0.003 | 1.248 (0.882, 1.766) | 0.226 | 1.083 (0.715, 1.64) | 0.712 |
| Q4 | 2.45–4.78 | 2.409 (1.761, 3.296) | 0.000 | 1.934 (1.359, 2.752) | 0.002 | 1.661 (1.093, 2.526) | 0.030 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.102 | ||||
| VE | 2.04–89.12 | ||||||
| Q1 | 2.04–22.87 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 22.89–28.68 | 1.185 (0.868, 1.619) | 0.295 | 1.248 (0.893, 1.745) | 0.210 | 1.393 (0.929, 2.09) | 0.128 |
| Q3 | 28.72–37.76 | 1.397 (1.049, 1.861) | 0.030 | 1.447 (1.043, 2.009) | 0.039 | 1.5 (1.014, 2.219) | 0.059 |
| Q4 | 37.83–89.12 | 1.736 (1.303, 2.314) | 0.001 | 1.905 (1.361, 2.666) | 0.001 | 1.976 (1.377, 2.836) | 0.002 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||
| VC | 0.60–195.90 | ||||||
| Q1 | 0.60–41.40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 42.00–59.10 | 0.585 (0.431, 0.795) | 0.002 | 0.602 (0.437, 0.829) | 0.006 | 0.713 (0.498, 1.021) | 0.083 |
| Q3 | 59.60–73.80 | 0.35 (0.262, 0.469) | 0.000 | 0.374 (0.277, 0.505) | 0.000 | 0.463 (0.338, 0.632) | 0.000 |
| Q4 | 74.40–195.90 | 0.301 (0.229, 0.396) | 0.000 | 0.314 (0.246, 0.4) | 0.000 | 0.377 (0.282, 0.503) | 0.000 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| VD | 9.10–166.00 | ||||||
| Q1 | 9.10–45.90 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 47.10–59.20 | 0.951 (0.688, 1.314) | 0.763 | 0.873 (0.603, 1.263) | 0.479 | 0.987 (0.65, 1.499) | 0.953 |
| Q3 | 60.60–72.90 | 0.747 (0.562, 0.993) | 0.055 | 0.641 (0.475, 0.867) | 0.009 | 0.823 (0.552, 1.226) | 0.352 |
| Q4 | 73.80–166.00 | 0.496 (0.372, 0.661) | 0.000 | 0.411 (0.31, 0.546) | 0.000 | 0.426 (0.286, 0.635) | 0.001 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| VB6 | 3.80–400.00 | ||||||
| Q1 | 3.80–27.90 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 28.00–49.50 | 1.136 (0.904, 1.427) | 0.285 | 0.993 (0.786, 1.256) | 0.955 | 0.871 (0.627, 1.211) | 0.424 |
| Q3 | 49.70–85.60 | 0.868 (0.672, 1.121) | 0.288 | 0.741 (0.558, 0.985) | 0.053 | 0.68 (0.472, 0.979) | 0.055 |
| Q4 | 85.80–400.00 | 0.632 (0.486, 0.823) | 0.002 | 0.528 (0.406, 0.688) | 0.000 | 0.529 (0.383, 0.73) | 0.001 |
| p for trend | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| VB12 | 25.09–2952.00 | ||||||
| Q1 | 25.09–265.68 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 266.40–352.00 | 0.726 (0.511, 1.032) | 0.086 | 0.714 (0.502, 1.017) | 0.077 | 0.75 (0.472, 1.189) | 0.239 |
| Q3 | 352.80–467.10 | 0.654 (0.49, 0.872) | 0.008 | 0.656 (0.487, 0.885) | 0.012 | 0.738 (0.513, 1.062) | 0.121 |
| Q4 | 467.90–2952.00 | 0.445 (0.324, 0.611) | 0.000 | 0.456 (0.324, 0.64) | 0.000 | 0.54 (0.36, 0.809) | 0.009 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
| VB9 | 5.40–144.30 | ||||||
| Q1 | 5.40–20.60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Q2 | 20.80–29.00 | 0.683 (0.522, 0.894) | 0.010 | 0.665 (0.503, 0.879) | 0.010 | 0.668 (0.485, 0.92) | 0.025 |
| Q3 | 29.20–40.50 | 0.538 (0.395, 0.733) | 0.001 | 0.535 (0.381, 0.753) | 0.002 | 0.559 (0.357, 0.878) | 0.022 |
| Q4 | 40.80–144.30 | 0.52 (0.377, 0.716) | 0.000 | 0.492 (0.359, 0.676) | 0.000 | 0.537 (0.364, 0.793) | 0.006 |
| p for trend | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.023 |
All estimates accounted for complex survey designs. Model 1 contains only independent variables; model 2 was additionally adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, FIPR and education level; and model 3 was further adjusted for the disease history (hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes). Those results in bold had statistical significance. Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 indicated the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles across the lowest to the highest concentrations of circulating vitamins.