Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of dietary fiber intake in lipides profiles.
| Total cholesterol | Triglyceride | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies |
ES (95% CI) |
Heterogeneity | No. of studies | ES (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | |||
| P | P | |||||||
| Country | ||||||||
| China | 8 | −0.254 (−0.418, −0.089) |
89.16 | <0.001 | 8 | −0.034 (−0.071, 0.003) |
42.51 | 0.095 |
| Canada | 2 | −0.300 (−0.344, −0.256) |
0 | 0.999 | 2 | −0.032 (−0.063, 0.000) |
0 | 0.358 |
| USA | 2 | −0.168 (−0.443, 0.106) |
98.77 | <0.001 | 1 | ~ | ~ | ~ |
| Other | 6 | −1.329 (−2.297, −0.361) |
93.75 | <0.001 | 7 | −0.069 (−0.153, −0.015) |
18.34 | 0.290 |
| Study population | ||||||||
| Diabetics | 3 | −9.630 (−23.499, 4.238) |
93.80 | <0.001 | 3 | −7.743 (−21.351, 5.865) |
78.83 | 0.009 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3 | −0.282 (−0.318, −0.246) |
0 | 0.504 | 2 | −0.025 (−0.082, 0.032) |
0 | 0.862 |
| Other | 12 | −0.254 (−0.399, −0.110) |
95.42 | <0.001 | 13 | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.004) |
43.02 | 0.049 |
| Type of effect size | ||||||||
| WMD | 7 | −0.909 (−1.601, −0.216) |
93.95 | <0.001 | 7 | −0.056 (−0.214, 0.101) |
56.62 | 0.032 |
| SMD | 3 | −0.628 (−1.146, −0.110) |
88.43 | <0.001 | 4 | −0.083 (−0.172, 0.007) |
15.03 | 0.317 |
| MD | 8 | −0.196 (−0.325, −0.067) |
97.21 | <0.001 | 7 | 0.000 (−0.005, 0.005) |
14.84 | 0.317 |
| Type of intervention | ||||||||
| RS | 3 | −0.100 (−0.358, 0.159) |
67.437 | 0.046 | 3 | −0.043 (−0.162, 0.075) |
0 | 0.426 |
| β-glucan | 5 | −0.288 (−0.320, −0.257) |
42.86 | 0.136 | 5 | −0.032 (−0.059, −0.006) |
0 | 0.853 |
| ITF | 2 | −0.084 (−0.169, 0.001) |
34.76 | 0.216 | 3 | −0.056 (−0.103, −0.009) |
35.89 | 0.210 |
| Others | 8 | −0.622 (−0.977, −0.267) |
96.44 | <0.001 | 7 | 0.015 (−0.210, 0.239) |
56.36 | 0.033 |
| Sample size | ||||||||
| n <500 | 7 | −0.449 (−0.701, −0.197) |
88.28 | <0.001 | 6 | −0.026 (−0.173, 0.122) |
64.63 | 0.015 |
| 500 ≤ n <1,000 | 6 | −0.230 (−0.576, 0.116) |
93.59 | <0.001 | 8 | −0.028 (−0.070, 0.013) |
0 | 0.560 |
| n ≥ 1,000 | 5 | −0.248 (−0.416, −0.081) |
97.81 | <0.001 | 4 | −0.020 (−0.051, 0.012) |
52.93 | 0.095 |
| Dosage | ||||||||
| n <5 | 7 | −0.382 (−0.524, −0.241) |
91.81 | <0.001 | 7 | −0.032 (−0.059, −0.006) |
0 | 0.501 |
| 5 ≤ n <10 | 3 | −0.173 (−0.448, 0.103) |
97.60 | <0.001 | 2 | −8.52 (−27.19, 10.16) |
88.80 | 0.003 |
| n ≥10 | 6 | −0.130 (−0.378, 0.117) |
88.32 | <0.001 | 7 | −0.054 (−0.098, −0.010) |
0 | 0.503 |
| Duration | ||||||||
| n <6 | 6 | −0.304 (−0.522, −0.086) |
93.74 | <0.001 | 7 | −0.039 (−0.068, −0.011) |
36.79 | 0.148 |
| 6 ≤ n <12 | 7 | −0.181 (−0.316, −0.046) |
96.68 | <0.001 | 6 | 0.000 (−0.005, 0.005) |
1.43 | 0.407 |
| n ≥ 12 | 5 | −3.643 (−6.231, −1.056) |
87.65 | <0.001 | 5 | −0.027 (−0.759, 0.705) |
58.06 | 0.049 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol | Low density lipoprotein cholesterol | |||||||
| Country | ||||||||
| China | 9 | 0.019 (0.001, 0.037) |
10.05 | 0.351 | 8 | −0.282 (−0.433, −0.131) |
86.16 | <0.001 |
| Canada | 2 | −0.001 (−0.011, 0.009) |
24.80 | 0.249 | 6 | −0.266 (−0.314, −0.218) |
77.15 | 0.001 |
| USA | 2 | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) |
0 | 0.922 | 2 | −0.189 (−0.503, 0.125) |
99.34 | <0.001 |
| Other | 6 | 0.008 (−0.029, 0.046) |
45.31 | 0.104 | 7 | −0.378 (−0.846, 0.090) |
90.50 | <0.001 |
| Study population | ||||||||
| Diabetics | 4 | 0.035 (−0.104, 0.175) |
66.51 | 0.03 | 4 | −0.774 (−1.734, 0.186) |
91.78 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3 | −0.003 (−0.026, 0.020) |
0 | 0.571 | 4 | −0.269 (−0.329, −0.209) |
79.08 | 0.002 |
| Other | 12 | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) |
20.02 | 0.247 | 15 | −0.260 (−0.366, −0.153) |
96.40 | <0.001 |
| Type of effect size | ||||||||
| WMD | 7 | 0.029 (0.005, 0.053) |
0 | 0.459 | 7 | −0.898 (−1.532, −0.264) |
92.60 | <0.001 |
| SMD | 3 | 0.009 (−0.094, 0.113) |
0 | 0.805 | 3 | −0.727 (−1.213, −0.240) |
78.85 | 0.009 |
| MD | 9 | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) |
33.56 | 0.149 | 13 | −0.199 (−0.289, −0.109) |
97.58 | <0.001 |
| Type of intervention | ||||||||
| RS | 3 | −0.008 (−0.067, 0.051) |
0 | 0.900 | 3 | −0.274 (−0.870, 0.322) |
88.97 | <0.001 |
| β-glucan | 5 | −0.001 (−0.011, 0.008) |
0 | 0.627 | 7 | −0.242 (−0.279, −0.205) |
61.35 | 0.017 |
| ITF | 2 | 0.036 (0.012, 0.060) |
0 | 0.695 | 2 | −0.164 (−0.262, −0.067) |
0 | 0.762 |
| Others | 9 | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) |
32.47 | 0.158 | 11 | −0.316 (−0.510, −0.122) |
97.41 | <0.001 |
| Sample size | ||||||||
| n <500 | 9 | 0.001 (−0.009, 0.010) |
31.62 | 0.165 | 11 | −0.299 (−0.476, −0.123) |
91.41 | <0.001 |
| 500 ≤ n <1,000 | 5 | 0.002 (−0.023, 0.028) |
0 | 0.494 | 6 | −0.209 (−0.292, −0.126) |
64.03 | 0.016 |
| n ≥ 1,000 | 5 | 0.007 (−0.015, 0.029) |
56.42 | 0.057 | 6 | −0.254 (−0.386, −0.121) |
98.34 | <0.001 |
| Dosage | ||||||||
| n <5 | 7 | −0.002 (−0.011, 0.008) |
0 | 0.596 | 9 | −0.289 (−0.370, −0.207) |
87.51 | <0.001 |
| 5 ≤ n <10 | 3 | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) |
0 | 0.423 | 4 | −0.231 (−0.456, −0.006) |
98.70 | <0.001 |
| n ≥10 | 6 | 0.030 (−0.008, 0.052) |
0 | 0.723 | 7 | −0.223 (−0.432, −0.015) |
90.38 | <0.001 |
| Duration | ||||||||
| n <6 | 6 | −0.001 (−0.011, 0.008) |
0 | 0.642 | 8 | −0.276 (−0.385, −0.166) |
88.83 | <0.001 |
| 6 ≤ n <12 | 7 | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) |
46.17 | 0.084 | 9 | −0.218 (−0.335, −0.101) |
97.98 | <0.001 |
| n ≥ 12 | 6 | 0.018 (−0.033, 0.070) |
47.35 | 0.091 | 6 | −1.062 (−1.930, −0.195) |
89.88 | <0.001 |
ES, effect size; MS, metabolic syndrome; RS, resistant starch; ITF, inulin-type fructans; WMD, weight mean difference; SMD, standardized mean difference; MD, mean difference.