Table 3.

Biomechanical description (median and range) of Achilles tendon ruptures in football players (n=42)

Whole body biomechanics on the sagittal plane (n=42)		Injury pattern
Variables	Total	Acceleration from standing	Cross-over cutting	Vertical jumping	Others
Trunk flexion IC (+ flexion, − extension)	15 (−5, 75)	13 (0, 75)	8 (0, 30)	18 (−5, 31)	19 (6, 30)
Trunk flexion IF (+ flexion, − extension)	16 (−5, 90)	19 (−0, 90)	14 (−5, 44)	14 (2, 30)	20 (5, 30)
Hip flexion IC (+ flexion, - extension)	10 (−37, 65)	8 (−33, 65)	5 (−24, 38)	20 (−37, 43)	25 (−3, 34)
Hip flexion IF (+ flexion, − extension)	−20 (−55, 60)	−17 (−50, 60)	−27 (−55, 59)	3 (−50, 40)	0 (−32, 49)
Knee flexion IC (+ flexion, − extension)	44 (10, 70)	40 (12, 70)	35 (10; 59)	50 (10, 60)	50 (30, 65)
Knee flexion IF (+ flexion, − extension)	23 (0, 80)	20 (7, 58)	15 (0, 80)	38 (13, 68)	45 (10, 74)
Ankle flexion IC (+ dorsi-flexion, − plantar-flexion)	0 (−35, 35)	−10 (−35, 35)	4 (−34, 35)	10 (0, 22)	0 (−30, 15)
Ankle flexion IF (+ dorsi-flexion, − plantar-flexion)	40 (15 59)	39 (15, 59)	39 (15, 52)	42 (20, 54)	44 (30, 51)
Foot biomechanics (n=60)
Foot strike IC (sagittal plane)
Forefoot	37 (62%)	25 (100%)	4 (27%)	7 (64%)	3 (33%)
Flat foot	12 (20%)	/	8 (53%)	/	2 (22%)
Heel strike	/	/	/	/	/
Unsure	11 (18%)	/	3 (20%)	4 (36%)	4 (44%)
Foot strike IF (sagittal plane)
Forefoot	10 (17%)	8 (32%)	2 (13%)	/	/
Flat foot	37 (62%)	17 (68%)	10 (67%)	5 (45%)	5 (56%)
Heel	/	/	/	/	/
Unsure	13 (22%)	/	3 (20%)	6 (55%)	4 (44%)
Foot position at IF (frontal plane)
Pronation	29 (48%)	12 (48%)	11 (73%)	1 (9%)	5 (56%)
Supination	1 (2%)	1 (4%)	/	/	/
Neutral	9 (15%)	6 (24%)	/	2 (18%)	1 (11%)
Unsure	21 (35%)	6 (24%)	4 (27%)	8 (73%)	3 (33%)
Foot rotation at IF (transverse)
Externally rotated	42 (70%)	19 (76%)	11 (73%)	6 (55%)	5 (56%)
Internally rotated	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Neutral	5 (8%)	3 (12%)	1 (7%)	0 (0%)	1 (11%)
Unsure	13 (22%)	3 (12%)	3 (20%)	5 (45%)	3 (33%)

IC, initial contact; IF, injury frame.