Table 2. Study participants by cadre type and setting in three study sites in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan, 2015–2018.

Participants	Health worker cadres by setting
	Gaibandha district, Bangladesh	Central Lombok district, Indonesia	Karachi (urban) and Shikarpur (rural) districts, Pakistan
Primary health workers (5–7 of each cadre)	Family welfare assistants: provide routine reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services through home visits, such as antenatal screening and referrals for clinical services Family welfare visitors: provide routine reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services through clinics, with a focus on family planning and antenatal care Health assistants: deliver immunizations according to the expanded programme on immunizations; hold routine outreach vaccination events	Midwives (bidan): provide antenatal care; conduct deliveries, intrapartum care and postnatal care; provide contraception, including intrauterine devices Nutritionist workers (gizi): provide services related to maternal and child nutrition promotion; child growth monitoring; distribution of vitamin A; community outreach for anthelmintics and nutrition Vaccinators (vaksinator): provide routine child vaccinations at health outreach centres and school programmes	Lady health workers: provide core community activities, such as household registration and census enumeration; pregnancy surveillance; community-based antenatal care; polio vaccination and other routine immunizations; vital events tracking; and related reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services Vaccinators: provide all childhood vaccinations and women’s tetanus vaccinations at clinics and during outreach services; responsible for tracking logistics and supplies
Supervisors of primary health workers (3–5 of each cadre)	Family planning inspectors: supervise family welfare assistants Health inspectors: supervise health assistants	Head of primary health care: supervise and be responsible for all health workers at the primary health-care centre (puskesmas) bidan coordinator: supervise bidan midwives gizi coordinator: supervise nutrition workers vaksinator coordinator: supervise vaccinators	Lady health visitors: supervise lady health workers; provide facility-based antenatal care, deliveries; handle obstetric complications
District-level health managers for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services (1 of each cadre)	Deputy director family planning; Upazila health and family planning officer; Upazila family planning officer	District health office head; District public health head; District family health division head; District midwife (maternal and child health) coordinator; District vaccinator coordinator; District nutritionist coordinator	Provincial head of expanded programmes on immunization; Provincial director of lady health worker programme

Notes: Upazila are the equivalent of subdistricts. Local terms for the health worker cadres are shown in italics.