Fig. 2.

Study design of the double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover study. Described previously [1]. Seventeen healthy volunteers (group 1: n = 9; group 2: n = 8) received daily PUFA products (two muffins and 20 g margarine spread) or SFA products (two muffins and 20 g butter-based spread) for three consecutive days, separated by a 1.5-week washout period. The participants received SFA products in the run-in and washout periods. Fasted blood was measured for glucose, insulin, triglyceride, NEFAs, fatty acid profiles, SCFAs, bile acids, and total cholesterol at each visit. In addition, fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analyses at each visit. Abbreviations: NEFAs: nonesterified fatty acids, PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids, SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids, SFAs: saturated fatty acids