Table 2.

miRNAs regulating mechanisms of drug resistance, autophagy, cancer stem cells, and signaling pathways

miRNA	Alteration	Target gene	Mechanism	Effect on resistance	Drug	Reference
miR-124	Downregulation	ATMIN PARP1	DNA damage response	Increase	CPT, VP‐16, and DOX	[173]
miR-15b	Downregulation	WEE1			DOX	[184]
miR‐101	Downregulation	ATG4,5	Blockage of autophagy	Increase	DOX	[185]
miR‐22	Downregulation	HMGB1		Increase	DOX and cisplatin	[186,187]
miR‐30a	Downregulation	BECN1		Increase	DOX	[188]
miR‐199a‐5p	Downregulation	BECN1		Increase	Cisplatin	[189]
miR‐155	Upregulation	ATG5	Induction of autophagy	Increase	DOX and cisplatin	[190]
miR‐140‐5p	Upregulation	IP3K2		Increase	DOX and cisplatin	[182]
miR‐143	Downregulation	ATG2B BCL2 LC3-II	Activation of autophagy and stem cells	Increase	DOX	[191]
miR‐let‐7d	Downregulation or Upregulation	HMGA2 Lin28B Nanog Oct3,4 Sox2	Induction of EMT and plastic transition of CSC	Increase	DOX, cisplatin, VP-16, paclitaxel	[192]
miR‐29b‐1	Downregulation	CD133 N-Myc Nanog Oct3,4 Sox2	Reduction of CSC	Increase	DOX, cisplatin, and VP‐16	[193]
miR‐34c	Downregulation	NOTCH1 LEF1	Inhibition of metastasis	Increase	DOX, cisplatin, and MTX	[194]
miR‐34b	Downregulation	PAK1 MDR1	Induction of cell apoptosis	Increase	DOX, GEM, and MTX	[195]
miR‐497	Downregulation	VEGFA	Inhibition of proliferation	Increase	Cisplatin	[196]
miR‐221	Upregulation	PTEN	Promotion of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis	Increase	Cisplatin	[197]
miR‐146b‐5p	Upregulation	ZNRF3	Induction of migration and metastasis	Increase	DOX, cisplatin, and MTX	[198]
miR-488	Upregulation	BIM	Promotion of proliferation, reduction of apoptosis	Increase	DOX	[199]
miR-765	Downregulation	APE-1	Inhibition of DNA damage response	Decrease	Cisplatin	[179]
miR-21	Upregulation	Spry1, Spry2 PTEN	Inhibition of migration/proliferation	Decrease	Cisplatin	[200] [201]
miR-138	Downregulation	EZH2	Inhibition of migration/proliferation	Decrease	Cisplatin	[180]
miR-140-5p	Downregulation	IP3K2	Induction of cell apoptosis	Decrease	DOX and cisplatin	[182]
miR-184	Upregulation	BCL2L1	Inhibition of cell apoptosis	Decrease	DOX	[183]
miR-367	Upregulation	BAX, cleaved CASP3, KLF4	Promotion of metastasis and EMT	Decrease	DOX	[181]

APE-1: Apurinic endonuclease; ATG2B: autophagy-related 2B protein; ATMIN: ataxia telangiectasia mutated interactor; BAX: BCL2 associated X; BCL2: B-cell lymphoma 2 protein; BCL2L1: BCL2-like 1; BECN1: beclin 1; BIM: B-cell lymphoma-like protein 11; CASP3: caspase 3; CPT: camptothecin; CD133: prominin-1; CSC: cancer stem cells; DOX: doxorubicin; EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EZH2: enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit; GEM: gemcitabine; HMGA2: high mobility group AT-hook 2; HMGB1: high‐mobility group box 1; IP3K2: inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate kinase 2; KLF4: Kruppel-like factor 4; LC3-II: light chain 3 type II protein; LEF1: lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1; LIN28B: lin-28 homolog B; MDR1: multidrug resistance 1; MTX: methotrexate; Nanog: Nanog homeobox; N-myc: mycn proto-oncogene; NOTCH1: Notch receptor 1; Oct 3 and 4: octamer-binding transcription factor 3 and 4; PAK1: p21‐activated protein kinase 1; PARP1: poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAB10: Ras-related protein 10; Sox2: SRY-box transcription factor 2; Spry1 and -2: sprouty; VEGFA: vascular endothelial growth factor A; VP‐16: etoposide; ZNRF3: zinc and ring finger 3.