TABLE 3.

CHD7 and neurogenesis.

System	Neurons affected	Potential downstream targets of CHD7	Association with CHARGE phenotype
Cerebellum	Reduction in cerebellar granule neurons	Reln, Fgf8	Cerebellar hypoplasia leading to developmental delays
Global brain	Reduction in GABAergic neurons	paqr3b	Autism-like behavior, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, aggressivity and seizures
Hippocampus	Decrease in adult neurogenesis from subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus	Sox4, Sox11	Development delays
Hypothalamus	Reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons	Fgfr1,Bmp4, Otx2	Hypogonads, genital hypoplasia, and delayed puberty
Olfactory	Reduced olfactory bulb size and reduced olfactory neurons	Mash1, NeuroD	Hyposmia and Anosmia
Auditory and vestibular	Vestibulo-cochlear ganglion size and neuron number	Ngn1, Otx2, Fgf10	Hearing loss and balance disorders