Figure 5.

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) improves aerobic exercise endurance in mice fed standard chow and Western-style diet (WD). A: endurance capacity, assessed as total distance run until fatigue on an endurance rota-rod test, measured at baseline and following 8 wk of normal drinking water (control) or supplementation with 1% 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) in drinking water. n = 10–13/group (one statistical outlier removed from the WD-C group). Statistics for A are two-way mixed (group × time) ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Two-way diet × treatment ANOVA at 8 wk showed similar differences (diet effect: P < 0.0001; treatment effect: P < 0.001; SC-C vs. WD-C: P = 0.0001; SC-C vs. SC-DMB and WD-C vs. WD-DMB: both P = 0.03). In the same mice postintervention, quadriceps skeletal muscle lysate abundance of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK; B), total AMPK (C), and citrate synthase (D), all normalized to GAPDH with representative Western blot images generated from WES electropherograms shown above each panel. For B–D, statistics are two-way diet × treatment ANOVA with Šidák’s multiple comparisons test. n = 9–13 mice/group. Statistical outliers (ROUT: Q = 1%) were removed before further analysis for pAMPK as follows: 5 for pAMPK (2 SC-C, 1 SC-DMB that was approximately twofold higher than remaining data points, 2 WD-C). There were no statistical outliers for total AMPK or citrate synthase. All data are means ± SE, with individual data points. Symbols denote pairwise comparisons: *P < 0.05 vs. SC-C within time point. †P < 0.05 vs. WD-C within time point. ‡P < 0.05 vs. baseline within group. SC-C, standard chow-control water; SC-DMB, standard chow-DMB water; WD-C, Western diet chow-control water; WD-DMB, Western diet chow-DMB water.