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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Crime Delinq. 2021 Jan 12;68(10):1847–1875. doi: 10.1177/0011128720987196

Table 2.

Mixed-Effects Models Examining General Deviance (n = 783).

Model 1 Model 2


Variable β SE β SE

Focal independent measure
 Self-perceptions of attractiveness 0.551 0.134*** 0.791 0.132***
Negative affect
 Depressive symptoms 1.552 0.137***
Time variant controls
 Grade point average −0.976 0.158*** −0.890 0.154***
 Bonds to teachers −0.502 0.138*** −0.452 0.135***
 Maternal engagement −0.484 0.143*** −0.372 0.139**
 Self-efficacy −0.707 0.148*** −0.627 0.145***
 General social support −0.328 0.136* −0.087 0.134
Time invariant controls
 Number of friends 0.212 0.183 0.299 0.178
 Gender
  Male 0.753 0.178*** 1.024 0.175***
 Race/Ethnicity
  Black 0.325 0.192 0.235 0.187
  Hispanic 0.557 0.186** 0.513 0.181**
  Other 0.093 0.181 −0.020 0.177
 Age −0.275 0.191 −0.222 0.186
Constant 3.611 0.179*** 3.622 0.175***
Intra-class correlation 0.430 0.428
R 2 0.125 0.166
Wald χ2 241.62*** 381.72***

Note. β = standardized coefficient; SE = standard error.

*

p ≤ .05.

**

p ≤ .01.

***

p ≤ .001.