Table 2.

Effect of Fructose on the Survival Response

Stimulates Hunger

Acutely does not stimulate insulin or leptin, while reducing ghrelin (30)

Acute reduction in hepatic ATP (31) which stimulates food intake (32)

Induction of leptin resistance (shown in rats) (33)

Stimulates Thirst

Increases serum osmolarity by shifting fluid to intracellular compartment (in rats) (34)

Stimulates vasopressin production via osmolar and nonosmolar pathways (35)

Oral fructose increases serum vasopressin (copeptin) in humans (36)

Stimulates Foraging Responses

Stimulates foraging-like behavior (reviewed in(37))

Stimulates Fat Accumulation

Stimulates hepatic lipogenesis (38)

Blocks beta fatty acid oxidation (39)

Blocks lipolysis in fat by causing hyperinsulinemia from insulin resistance

Increases Blood glucose levels

Induces Insulin Resistance (40)

Impairs Insulin Release by Islets (41)

Stimulates Gluconeogenesis (42)

Fructose Raises Blood Pressure (43)

Fructose Reduces Oxygen Needs by Stimulating Glycolysis (44)

Fructose Stimulates Innate Immune Pathways (45)