Why HE happens. A diseased liver is unable to change toxic ammonia into urea to leave the body in the urine. This is worsened by a patient's other illnesses and risks, and is also made worse by body stressors and sudden health events. Ammonia then builds up in the blood and gets to the brain, where it causes the findings of HE (boxed inset): confusion about time, date, and place, as well as asterixis or hand flapping.
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