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. 2022 Jul 18;122(10):1683–1692. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1749438

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The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1 — The platelet lipidome is altered in patients with COVID-19. ( A ) Principal component analysis (PCA) of the platelet lipidomes, comprising all lipids normalized on specific internal standards per class, of patients with COVID-19 ( n = 25) and matched controls ( n = 23). Each dot represents a subject, the color represents the group. X -axis shows the first principal component and the percentage of explained variance, the Y -axis shows the second principal component and the percentage of explained variance. ( B ) Volcano plot showing the differential abundance of lipids in platelets from patients with COVID-19 and matched controls. Each dot represents a lipid species, while the color indicates whether the lipid is significantly more abundant ( red ), significantly less abundant ( blue ), or not significantly altered ( gray ). The X -axis denotes the log2 fold change between groups, while the Y -axis shows the Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted −log10 p -value. The pie chart represents the whole platelet lipidome and gives an indication of the percentage of lipids that is either more abundant, less abundant, or unchanged. ( C ) Platelet lipid landscape plots, comparing patients with COVID-19 to matched controls. Each dot represents a lipid species, which are grouped per lipid class. The color of the dots indicates whether the lipid was significantly different ( white ) or not ( black ) between the groups after Benjamini–Hochberg correction. The X -axis shows the log2 fold change between groups for each lipid; the color of the ridges indicates up- ( red ) or down-regulated ( blue ) lipids. The Y -axis indicates the different lipid classes, with a ridge plot per lipid class that shows the distribution of the lipids within their respective classes. On the edges of the plot, asterisks denote class-wide significant differences as determined by a Wilcoxon-ranked sum test of aggregated values per class (a sum of all lipids per class per subject). Asterisks on the left of the plot indicate a significant class-wide decrease, and asterisks on the right of the plot indicate a significant class-wide increase. A p -value below 0.05 was considered significant. ( D ) Same as in panel (A), but here showing the control sub-analysis (hospital workers vs. outpatient clinic subject). ( E ) Same as in panel (B), but here showing the control sub-analysis (hospital workers vs. outpatient clinic subject). * p -value < 0.05, ** p -value < 0.01, *** p -value < 0.001, **** p -value < 0.0001. All boxplots of this analysis are shown in Supplementary Fig. S2 .