Table 1. Characteristics of patients and control subjects.
| Controls ( n = 23) | COVID-19 ( n = 25) | p -Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (y) | 53.3 (18.8) | 60.8 (13.0) | 0.12 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 11 (47.8) | 12 (48.0) | >0.99 |
| BMI | 27.0 (7.5) | 29.7 (4.8) | 0.16 |
| Medical history | |||
| Hypertension (medicated), n (%) | 8 (34.8) | 9 (36.0) | >0.99 |
| Prior stroke, n (%) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (4.0) | 0.60 |
| Diabetes mellitus, type 2, n (%) | 5 (21.7) | 5 (20.0) | >0.99 |
| Atherosclerosis, n (%) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (4.0) | >0.99 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0.49 |
| Prior malignancy, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (4.0) | 0.18 |
| Chronic medication | |||
| Platelet aggregation inhibitors, n (%) | 3 (13.0) a | 2 (8.0) b | 0.66 |
| Statins, n (%) | 5 (21.7) | 4 (16.0) | 0.49 |
| Disease course | |||
| qSOFA c (on admission) | – | 1 [0.0, 1.0] | |
| MEWS d (on admission) | – | 3 [2.0, 5.0] | |
| PSI e (on admission) | – | 2 [1.0, 5.0] | |
| Mortality (day 28), n (%) | – | 4 (16.0) | |
| Hospital length of stay (days) | – | 6.2 (7.8) | |
| ICU admission, n (%) | – | 2 (8.0) | |
| Laboratory tests f | |||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | – | 111.42 (69.13) | |
| Platelets (× 10 9 /L) | 290 (166) | 274 (108) | 0.79 |
| Leukocytes (×10 9 /L) | 5.8 [3.6–16.3] | 6.9 [3.3–25.9] | 0.22 |
| Neutrophils (×10 9 /L) | 3.8 [1.5–10.2] | 5.0 [1.5–21.2] | 0.04 |
| Lymphocytes (×10 9 /L) | 1.2 [0.8–3.4] | 0.9 [0.2–3.3] | 0.08 |
Note: Continuous data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median [range], and compared using a two-sided one-way analysis of variance (equal variances not assumed) or two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively. Categorical data are presented as counts and compared using Fisher's exact test.
a
Aspirin ( n = 1), clopidogrel ( n = 1), aspirin + clopidogrel ( n = 1).
b
Aspirin ( n = 2).
c
qSOFA = quick sequential organ failure assessment score.
d
MEWS = modified early warning score.
e
PSI = pneumonia severity index.
f
Measured upon presentation to the emergency department (for patients).