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. 2022 Sep 26;13:5650. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33370-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Impact of incorporation of nocturnal variation in whole plant R_To in a simulated reduction in plant respiration R_p (a, c) and a corresponding increase in NPP (b) over the period 2000–2018 using the standard model with Q₁₀ = 2 (Equation 1) and the new formula (Equation 4). The impact is estimated as the difference between the temporal mean of simulations with and without nocturnal variation in whole plant R_To (respiration rate at constant temperature) for NPP (net primary production) and vice versa for R_p (plant respiration rate) (a) and as a percentage of simulations without nocturnal variation in R_To (b, c). Note, that the reduction in R_p (a) is identical to the increase in NPP in absolute terms. Results are presented for grid cells where grid level NPP is >50 g m⁻² yr ⁻¹ in the standard simulations with Q₁₀ = 2 (the relative change in R obtained with a 10 °C change in T) to avoid excessively large % effects at very low NPP.