Neovascularization stimulated by RSF-based hydrogels with or without ES. (A) Living/dead staining of HUVECs using different hydrogels with or without ES potential for 3 days. (B) Proliferation of HUVECs for 1, 3, and 7 days using the CCK-8 assay. (C, D) Wound scratch assay and quantitative analysis using HUVECs for 24 h. (E) Tube formation of HUVECs stimulated by RSF-based hydrogels and ES for 12 h. (F, G) Number of meshes and number of master junctions calculated using ImageJ. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, n = 3.